
Faith at the Frontiers
By Barnabas Aspray and Austin Stevenson


#79 Whose Christianity? Which Nationalism? - with Elizabeth Bruenig
Not every Christian agrees on what a “Christian government” should look like. Whoever is in power will have to decide what form of Christianity to implement, and they are likely to claim it is the only valid kind.
In this episode we chat with Elizabeth Bruenig, journalist for The Atlantic, on Christian Nationalism in the US. Does it really represent the values shared by all Christians? Does it have the right to speak in the name of “Christianity”?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#78 Nationalism is its own religion - with William Cavanaugh
Professor William Cavanaugh, author of Migrations of the Holy and The Uses of Idolatry, weighs in on the topic of nationalism. He argues that nationalism is a religion that rivals Christianity and is therefore not compatible with it.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#77 - European Nationalism & Constitutions w/ Marietta van der Tol
How can national constitutions persecute religious minorities? What would motivate them to do so, and is this motivation really Christian? These questions and others are addressed by Marietta van der Tol in her book, Constitutional Intolerance (CUP, 2025). In this episode, Barney and Austin draw out some of Marietta’s key insights not only in this book but other of her publications.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#76 - Wrap-up the last series & introduce the next!
In this episode, Austin & Barney discuss the key takeaways and insights from the series on Exvangelicalism, and introduce the topic of our next series: Christian Nationalism!
Watch this space for interviews with world experts across the spectrum of political opinions on this urgent and controversial topic!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#75 The E(x)vangelical Imagination - with Karen Swallow Prior
Next up in our Exvangelicalism series, Karen Swallow Prior outlines some of the images that have shaped the social imaginary of evangelicals—for good and ill—and how that has impacted the experiences of exvangelicals .

#74 Loving & leaving Evangelicalism - with Sarah McCammon
Another episode in our Exvangelicalism series, Sarah McCammon shares her story and her research on those who leave the American Evangelical church, to produce a powerful and insightful insider account of the exvangelical experience.
Today is the launch day of the paperback edition of Sarah's book, The Exvangelicals: Loving, Living, and Leaving the White Evangelical Church (Macmillan: 2024). Click on the link to get a copy!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for audio editing!

#73 What is EXvangelicalism? - with Emma Feyas
The second in our mini-series on Exvangelicalism. Emma Feyas is a PhD candidate researching exvangelicalism. She tells us about the history of the movement and provides insights both from scholarship and from her own experiences.

#72 What is Evangelicalism? - with Mark Noll
The first in our mini-series on Exvangelicalism. It makes sense to start by asking what Evangelicalism is!
Professor Mark Noll is one of the world’s leading experts on the history of Evangelicalism. In this interview, we ask him questions like:
- When did Evangelicalism begin?
- How has the word “Evangelical” changed its meaning over time?
- Why have people abandoned Evangelicalism in the past?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#71 What is Exvangelicalism?
Over 400 million people in the world are classed as Evangelicals. In the USA, their association with the Republican Party has led to a lot of people rejecting the label and yet remaining quasi-Evangelical in their spirituality. Since 2016 they have come to be known as “Exvangelicals” or “Post-Evangelicals.” Who are they and why are they significant for global Christianity? How are they putting pressure on the term “Evangelical” and contributing to its changing meaning?
This episode launches the next mini-series which is all about these questions!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#70 A Greater Challenge to Faith?
Is science or history a greater challenge to faith? In this episode, Austin argues that history is a far greater challenge than science. In that light, we review our long series on history and bring it to a close.

#69 Tradition with Anne Carpenter
What is tradition and how might it help us deal with both the good and bad in the history of Christianity? Dr Anne Carpenter is Danforth Chair in Theological Studies at St Louis University and the author of 'Nothing Gained is Eternal: A Theology of Tradition."

#68 Colonialism with Willie James Jennings
What is colonialism and how should white Western Christians think about their own involvement in it? How do we respond, whether Christian or not, to the trajectories of power laid down by our colonial past?
Prof. Willie James Jennings is one of the leading voices in postcolonial theology. We are hono(u)red to have him join us in our first discussion on this thorny topic.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#67 Religious apathy and religious violence - with Matthew Rowley
Our second episode on religious violence, with Dr. Matthew Rowley , author of God, Religious Extremism, and Violence. Dr. Rowley talks about how we should criticize our own tradition first, approaching everything with curiosity and humility. He also questions ideas about what it means to be an "extremist" and whether that's really a bad thing?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#66 Religious Violence - with William Cavanaugh
Does religion cause violence? It's a common notion today, but Professor William Cavanaugh challenges it in an incisive way. Who stands to gain from this idea? Who benefits from laying the blame for violence at the feet of religion? And what definition of 'religion' is operative here? Thanks to Jamie Maule for editing this video!

#65 Improvising church to face challenges of today - with Mark Glanville
An interlude (sort of) in the middle of our present series. It does not address a historical challenge, but starts from the other end. What can Christians do today in responding to these challenges?
Barney interviews Professor Mark Glanville of Regent College, Vancouver, on his latest book, Improvising Church. We discuss questions like:
- How can the Bible speak meaningfully to new situations Christians face today?
- How can every Christian exercise leadership in his or her church community?
- How can you get people to wake up for a prayer meeting at 5:30am?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his audio editing!

#64 The challenge of the INQUISITION - with Dr. Dennis Castillo
Everyone has heard of the Spanish Inquisition. But how accurate is the popular understanding of it? What really happened and how does it reflect on Christianity? Is this an episode Christians should repent of? What lessons can we learn for the modern day?
These questions and others are discussed in today’s episode. Austin and Barney are joined by Dr. Dennis Castillo who teaches Church History at St. Mary’s Seminary and University.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#63 The challenge of the CRUSADES! - with Dr. Mike Horswell
Continuing our “Faith and the challenges of history” series, we turn from biblical history to later history. First of all we want to tackle the crusades, one of the most frequently mentioned in debates about the authenticity of Christian claims to bring peace and justice.
We have invited Dr. Mike Horswell to join us in this discussion. He has spent many years studying not only the crusades, but common perceptions of the crusades in the modern era. He is ideally suited to help us unpack: (1) what the crusades actually were? (2) How do people think of the crusades today? (3) How should Christians think of this episode in their history?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#62 Austin's NEW BOOK! - and the final episode on biblical history
It's a big event: our own podcast co-host's first published book: Austin Stevenson, The Consciousness of the Historical Jesus (T&T Clark: 2024).
The book discusses questions like:
- What is the movement called 'the historical Jesus' and how should Christians think about it?
- How does our own way of doing history depend on our understanding of what it means to be human?
- How can we read the history of Jesus in a way that transforms our understanding of ourselves? Can the 'historical Jesus' do that? If not, what can?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#61 The history of the biblical text - w/ Dr Jesse Grenz
Is our New Testament the same as the original texts written in the first century? How do we know which manuscripts to trust, and who does the work of deciding? What are the implications of the fact that the biblical text itself has a history?
In this episode, we discuss these questions and more with Dr Jesse Grenz, Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies at Palm Beach Atlantic University.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound editing!

#60 Women and the challenge of history - with Dr. Amy Peeler
Does the Bible value women? Does it make sense to call God ‘Father’ from a feminist perspective? Why did God create gender difference in the first place?
These questions and many more are tackled by Dr. Amy Peeler, New Testament Professor at Wheaton College. Dr. Peeler has recently published Women and the Gender of God which goes into these issues in more depth.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound editing!

#59 Reading the New Testament Historically with Michael J. Gorman
In this episode we talk with Prof Michael J Gorman, New Testament Scholar and author of nearly twenty books including several major works on Paul. In this discussion, Prof Gorman draws a distinction between historical criticism and the historical critical method. He argues that understanding the original context is necessary, but not sufficient when it comes to interpreting the Bible today.

#58 Lessons so far: insights and takeaways from our Bible scholar interviewees
Austin and Barney go back over the last few episodes and share our thoughts. What did we learn? What did we disagree with? How do we compare and contrast the Bible scholars and theologians we've interviewed so far?
What do YOU think though? Email us your thoughts at whatdoyouthink (at) faithatthefrontiers.com and we'll dialogue with you in future episodes!
This is NOT the end of ‘faith and the challenges of history’: it’s just a pause to catch our breath!

#57 Historically-sensitive Bible reading: A taxonomy with Matthew J Thomas
So many Bible scholars and methods claim to be ‘historical’, but are they all the same? In this episode, Barney and Austin interview Professor Matthew J Thomas, who has come up with a taxonomy of FOUR methods for reading the Bible that are currently prevalent in scholarship:
- Simple historical exegesis: interpreting the Bible with attention to its cultural and historical context.
- Investigating the history of the Bible’s composition, known as ‘source criticism’, ‘form criticism’, or ‘redaction criticism’.
- Critically assessing the truth of the Bible from another philosophical perspective.
- Whatever is popular in Germany right now (!)
Tune in to hear Prof. Thomas unpack these four categories and their relevance for our faith today!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#56 Theology and the Historical Method - w/ Dr Seth Heringer
Austin and Barney interview theologian Dr Seth Heringer, who describes the development of modern historical methods and how these methods have impacted theology. We consider the ways in which not only the results of historical research, but the principles of the historical method themselves might stand at odds with theology. If history isn't as neutral a discipline as it seems, does that open up possibilities for fruitful dialogue with faith?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#55 Challenging the challengers: on reasons to trust the biblical witness - with Prof. Iain Provan
Barney and Austin interview Old Testament Professor Iain Provan, who takes a different view to our previous guests on the historical reliability of the Bible. For him, there is every reason to trust the Bible's authors, and no reason not to trust them. Provan also suggests that:
- The very idea of history comes from the Old Testament
- There is no 'neutral' way of reading the Bible: there are Christian or non-Christian ways of reading.
- Jesus gave us these texts, and that is why we read them.
Tune in for more insights on a developing conversation.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#54 Faith and Old Testament historicity - with Prof. Hugh Williamson
Austin and Barney interview Professor Emeritus Hugh Williamson of Oxford University on how his faith relates to historical enquiry about the Old Testament. We discuss questions like:
- How does Prof. Williamson hold together his identity as a scholar and his faith as a Christian? Does he ever see a conflict between them?
- What does the historical study of the Bible do for one's faith?
- What historical events in the Bible does Christian faith depend on?
Thanks, as always, to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#53 History and the Old Testament - with Professor John Goldingay
Is the Old Testament historically reliable? What difference does that question make to our faith? What do we mean by 'historical' and 'reliable' anyway?
In this episode, Barney and Austin interview Professor John Goldingay, a retired Old Testament scholar enormously influential in the Evangelical tradition. Prof. Goldingay shares his thoughts about the relationship between faith and biblical history, and then problematizes the question for us: why are we asking about this and in what way should it, and should it not, matter?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound editing!

New series! ‘Faith and the Challenges of History’
Introducing the new co-host, Austin Stevenson, and our new topic for the next series. Austin and I will be wrestling with how the Christian faith relates to its own history. We'll be asking questions like:
- Do Christians have to believe the Bible is historically reliable?
- Is there evidence to suggest the Bible is historically reliable?
- How ought Christians to read and interpret the Bible from a historical point of view?
- How should Christians think about the troubling aspects of their own history after the Bible: crusades, inquisition, colonialism?
Tune in soon for the first episode in the series!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#52 Taking the conversation global: science and theology narratives in non-Western contexts
Let's open the science & religion debate to include voices from beyond the White Western world! In this episode Barney interviews two Anglican bishops who are doing just that:
- Bishop Richard Cheetham, co-director for global engagement with ECLAS & a member of the Anglican Communion Science Commission.
- Bishop Joseph Galgalo, provincial secretary of the Anglican Church of Kenya, and assistant bishop of All Saints Cathedral diocese.
This episode is full of insights about the way Africans conceive of the faith/science relationship, and what we can learn from it and other global perspectives.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#51 Mitres and Microscopes: How church leaders think of science - with Dr. Thoko Kamwendo
Science is done in a society. Society affects not only what science is done, but how people understand it and its role. Dr. Thoko Kamwendo is part of a growing field of research called ‘science studies’ which uncovers the social dimension of scientific research. She has studied in particular how church leaders approach science, and how they communicate its meaning and relevance to congregations. Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#50 What it means to be human: the faith-enhancing power of science fiction
Do you love reading sci-fi or fantasy? Have you ever thought about its theologial potential? In this episode, Barney discusses the value of science fiction for exploring dimensions of the Christian faith, with:
If you like this episode and want to learn more, visit these ECLAS resources:
- Science, Future and the Christian Imagination.
- Science Fiction and Public Theology.
- This article by Amanda Rees: Tales Of Technology And Faith
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#49 Where Science and Politics Collide: Black Majority Churches and the Covid Vaccine
Barney interviews Pastor Alton Bell about his experiences persuading his church congregation to take the Covid vaccine. This episode digs into the history of black peoples' engagement with white medicine, and is not always easy listening. But its message is important: science is always communicated by someone, and if that someone is the government, there are political issues at play.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#48 ‘A scientist and a priest walk into a church’: how churches lead on science engagement
How can scientists enrich and enliven their local church communities? We’ve invited Professor David Wilkinson, Petra Crofton, and Deb Fozzard to explore the impact of the Scientists in Congregations project that shows just how much scientists can do.
If you want to learn more, check out these free science and faith resources for schools and (church) children’s workers:
Also take a look at these children's books on science by Petra Crofton:
Finally, take a look at Petra Crofton's top book recommendation: Francis Collins, The Language of God.
As always, thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#47 Angels, Demons, and Scientists: How Charismatic & Pentecostal Churches engage with Science
What do Charismatic/Pentecostal Christians think of science? Two of their number discuss the distinctives of their tradition on this question:
- Chris Done, Professor of astrophysics at Durham University
- Simo Frestadius, executive director of the institute for Pentecostal theology
Among their many insights are that:
- Charismatics place a lot of emphasis on experience and experiment - not so different to scientists!
- Charismatics are keen to ‘demythologise’ the Bible - but not the same way Bultmann did!
Enjoy listening! Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#46 Why teach science in seminaries? - with Revd Dr Lucas Mix & Revd Dr Katy Hinman
It may sound like a strange idea to teach science in seminaries. But after recording this episode, it made much more sense to the hosts! Lucas Mix (ECLAS) and Katy Hinman (AAAS) help run help run ECLAS’ ‘Science for Seminaries’ programme, in which future pastors, priests, and church leaders get to learn what it’s like to engage in science and with scientists. We discuss questions like:
- Why do people turn to their religious leaders for advice on scientific questions?
- Why has there been justified suspicion of science from minority ethnic groups, and what do we do about it?
- What might Science for Seminaries look like in the future?
If you’re interested to learn more, check out:
- The Science for Seminaries main page.
- The Science for Seminaries page on ECLAS' website.
- The resource website for DoSER (Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion).
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his audio editing!

#45 The True Story of the Science-Faith ‘Conflict’, from the Galileo affair to Draper and White
What is really at stake in seeing faith & science as in conflict with each other? What are the origins of this conflict narrative and what were the theological motivations behind it?
These questions and others are the driving force behind today's episode, the first in our ECLAS series. We interview David Hutchings and Dr Amanda Rees for their perspective - both practical and academic - on the common perception of a conflict.
Note this episode was recorded shortly before the passing of Tom McLeish, who is mentioned near the beginning.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

introducing the next series
News from Faith at the Frontiers:
- We’re at the end of the Faith & Economics series. What a thought-provoking series it was!
- Goodbye to Carmody! She has had to step down because she was too busy to keep it up. A new co-host will be joining us in the series after next.
- Introducing the next series: in partnership with Equipping Christian Leadership in an Age of Science (ECLAS), we are running a second series on science & religion, much more practically oriented than the last. First episode will be out next week!

#44 How Christianity transforms the most fundamental economic principles - with Prof. Paul Williams
For our final episode on faith & economics, we’ve invited Prof. Paul Williams to share his vision for a Christian transformation of economics. Prof. Williams has studied economics and theology, and worked as both an economist and a theology professor for many years. He is uniquely qualified to give insight on our question and this episode is a powerful ending to an incredible series.
Written by Paul Williams:
- ‘Christianity and the Global Economic Order’, in The Oxford Handbook of Christianity and Economics, ed. Paul Oslington (Oxford University Press, 2014)
- Entry on ‘Capitalism’ in The Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics, ed. Joel Green (Baker Academic, 2011).
- ‘Evangelicals, Pope Benedict, and the Financial Crisis’, The Review of Faith & International Affairs 8, no. 4 (1 January 2010): 65–68.
Books/articles recommended by Paul Williams:
- Peter J. Buckley and Mark C.Casson, “The moral basis of global capitalism: Beyond the eclectic theory,” International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 2001, pp.303-327.
- Donald A. Hay, Economics Today: A Christian Critique (Regent College Publishing, 2004).
- William T. Cavanaugh, Being Consumed: Economics and Christian Desire (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008).
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#43 What we really think about capitalism and other things - a reflection on recent episodes
Carmody & Barney pause to reflect on our recent episodes and the opinions presented by our guests. We appear to have invited quite a few capitalists recently without intending to over-represent one viewpoint. So most of this discussion is our own reflections on the varieties of capitalism that we’ve encountered from our guests. We reflect on things like:
- What are the conditions for the possibility of economic activity?
- Is there such a thing as an isolated individual?
- What happens when you build a worldview out of fear?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#42 Christian Finance: Creating a Virtuous Circle - with Pete Gladwell
Carmody and Barney interview Pete Gladwell, who works for one of the largest investment companies in the UK. Pete explains how he views investment as a community service and tries to make investments that will benefit society rather than only making money for himself or his company.
This episode is really interesting to compare to the previous one with Robert Netzly: two Christian investors with different visions of what Christian values in investment look like.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#41 God, Mammon, and Ethical Investing - with Robert Netzly
Barney and Carmody interview Robert Netzly, founder and CEO of Inspire Investing. Robert recently made the decision to withdraw all ESG investment on the basis that it has been overtaken by a Marxist agenda. We ask Robert about his understanding of faithful Christian investment and the principles on which he founded his business.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#40 The power of the free market to create wealth - with Dylan Pahman
Barney and Carmody interview Dylan Pahman on whether there is any such thing as ‘Christian economics’, or whether economics is a value-neutral space like mathematics. We discuss questions like:
- Is the free market the most natural and universal economic system?
- Should theologians stay out of economics?
- Should economists stay out of theology?
- What should our goals for society be in the first place?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#39 Transforming economic theory through the Christian tradition - with Helen Alford
We interview Helen Alford, one of the leading voices in Christian economics. Helen offers an amazing array of insights. Helen had a transformative experience upon reading the following article:
- Howard Rosenbrock, 'Engineers and the Work People Do', in The Experience of Work, ed. Craig Littler.
The key insight was that 'If engineers could think of people as if they were robots, they would give them more human work to do'.
This led Helen on to a journey of discovery about the Christian tradition's perspective on economics and the need to address the problems we are seeing in the present day.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!

#38 Freedom and Loneliness: Reflecting on recent episodes
Barney and Carmody respond to feedback and reflect on the last two episodes (with Ondrej & Jared, and with Adeel Malik). Themes that appear include:
- What role does freedom play in an economic system ?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#37 Investing in your success: Islamic economics and the role of community - with Professor Adeel Malik
Carmody & Barney invite Adeel Malik of Oxford University to discuss the Islamic view of economics and finance. We discuss questions like:
- Why is lending money at interest banned in traditional Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?
- Why can economics never be separated from morality and religion?
- Why is community a neglected dimension of economic theory?
Hope you enjoy the episode!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for sound engineering!

#36 Is capitalism the only fair system? - a debate
In the middle of our faith & economics series, this episode features a debate between Carmody, Barney, Ondrej, and Jared about whether or not it's possible to think beyond the typical polarities of capitalism/socialism. We also discuss:
- What does it mean to ‘own’ something?
- Can anyone own the climate, and is that a problem for the climate?
- What is the purpose of ownership?
- Who or what determines whether I own something?
- Can the idea of property be extended beyond individual ownership?
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#35 Is veganism impossible? - a response to listener feedback
This short episode is prompted by a listener who sent us a voice message. He questioned Carmody's point about veganism (made in this episode), and in this episode Carmody responds to the point. Questions discussed in this episode:
- Is veganism too hard or too expensive for most people?
- How much can people be held responsible for their buying habits?
- Is there a difference between concern for animal welfare and concern about climate change?
Have something to say? Send us a message and join the conversation!
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#34 Economy as gift: beyond the capitalist-socialist dichotomy - with Edward Hadas
Carmody & Barney interview Edward Hadas, research fellow in moral economics at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. He tells us what he thinks is wrong with the current way of debating economics and offers a whole new paradigm to help us imagine our labour and consumption differently.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound editing!

#33 Can we really choose how we spend our money?
Barney and Carmody kick off a new series on ‘Christian Economics’, asking difficult questions about the limits of our financial freedom. Our present economic system is neither inevitable nor ethically neutral, but it does have a huge impact on how we spend our money. What might we be able to do about it?

#32 Is Viktor Orbán a Genuine Christian? - Faith & Politics in Hungary, with Alex Faludy
Barney interviews Alex Faludy on the religious dimension of Hungarian politics. Alex argues that the Hungarian Prime Minister is not simply using religion as a tool, but has a genuine faith. If we accuse him of being selective about which aspects of Christianity he embraces, we must also look at ourselves to see whether we're not also being selective.
Thanks to Jamie Maule for his sound engineering!