MCAT Modules - Review
By Hamza Taj
A concise review of the Khan Academy MCAT Videos.
Ok this is really random but I just hit a thousand plays or this, so could you hmu with any critique? Email mcatstudyone@gmail.com (takes 20 seconds!)
Created by Hamza Taj
Ok this is really random but I just hit a thousand plays or this, so could you hmu with any critique? Email mcatstudyone@gmail.com (takes 20 seconds!)
Created by Hamza Taj
MCAT Modules - ReviewJun 04, 2020
00:00
02:44
8:3. DNA Libraries and Generating cDNA
Prot —> mRNA —> cDNA —> dsDNA. (Step 2 via reverse transcriptase and step 3 via DNA Polymerase). Now the dsDNA is injected into a virus which infects bacteria to make lots of the DNA.
Aug 15, 202004:58
8:2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Denaturation (Heat to high temp), Primer Annealing (Cool slightly), Primer Extension via polymerase (Heat but not as much as step 1).
Aug 15, 202006:58
8:1. Gel Electrophoresis
GE find us the length of a DNA Strand (how many base pairs long).
Aug 15, 202006:32
7:5. Applying the HP Equation
Not really sure why I did a module on this - basically you know they’re homo recessive because they have blue eyes (the recessive trait), and you know to use q BECAUSE we’re dealing with the recessive trait.
Aug 10, 202001:41
7:4. The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
HP Equation gives P(allele frequencies). P^2 is probability of homo dominant, Q^2 is probability of homo recessive, 2pq is probability of heterozygous allele combo. P = frequency of dom allele, Q = frequency of recessive allele.
Aug 10, 202002:41
7:3. Worked Example: Punnett Squares
Discusses Dihybrid Crosses and the Law of Independent Assortment.
Aug 10, 202006:05
7:2. Co-dominance and Incomplete Dominance
Don’t let the title fool you. This is short. Discusses complete, incomplete, and co-dominance.
Aug 10, 202000:59
7:1. An Introduction to Mendelian Genetics
Discuss genes, alleles, geno/phenotypes, and punnet squares. The Khan Academy video discusses the history (Gregor Mendel) but let’s be real, who cares.
Aug 10, 202006:48
6:5. The Effects of Mutations
Mutations can be good, bad, or both.
Aug 10, 202002:14
6:4. Mutagens and Carcinogens
Define mutagens and then discuss endogenous and exogenous mutagens. (Endo: ROS); (Exo: intercalators, base analogues, carcinogens)
Aug 10, 202008:20
6:3. The Causes of Genetic Mutations
Small scale mutations (point: TTM; frame-shift: ID) and Large-scale mutations (translocation, inversion).
Aug 04, 202010:46
6:2. The Different Types of Mutations
Point, Frame Shift, and Nonsense vs. Missense. Further divided Missense to Silent, Conservative, and Non-Conservative.
Aug 04, 202008:17
6:1. Introduction to Genetic Mutations
Clarifies that mutations arise at the DNA level, and from where mutations originate.
Aug 03, 202004:59
5:7. Tumor Suppressors
Discusses categories of tumor suppressors and then 2 examples: pRb and p53, both proteins.
Aug 03, 202009:25
5:6. Oncogenes
Discusses the 3 mechanisms through which oncogenes are formed from proto-oncogenes, and types of oncogenes with examples.
Aug 03, 202021:40
5:5. Non-Coding RNA
I discuss ncRNAs (RNA that’s ready to perform tasks w/o becoming protein) and then move onto rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA. Have fun with all these acronyms lol
Jul 26, 202013:24
5:4. Post-Transcriptional Regulation
Not really an important module but skip to 6:18 for new stuff (RNA Editing via the ADAR and CDAR Enzymes)
Jul 20, 202008:59
5:3. Regulation of Transcription
Discusses GTFs, then discusses activators/repressors and enhancers/silencers. Finally distinguishes between regulation of transcriptional euk and prok organisms.
Jul 19, 202017:28
5:2. DNA and Chromatin Regulation
Discusses HAT and HDAC enzymes to uncoil/coil DNA (uncoil = activate for transcription) then transitioned into DNA methylation as it relates to CpG Islands and MBB’s.
Jul 18, 202017:38
5:1. The Lac Operon - Part 2
More terminology of the Lac Operon mechanism, refined ideas from the first part.
Jun 30, 202013:24
4:16. DNA Structure and Function (Random Info)
End of chapter random info (as I’ve done before). Although pay attention to end where I discuss donor:acceptor ratios of nucleobases.
Jun 30, 202008:16
4:15. The Jacob Monod Lac Operon
Discusses why gene expression regulation occurs @ transcription level. Discusses the Jacob Monod Lac Operon’s structure (ZYA) and function (lactose metabolism) and how the repressor (@operator site) controls this process.
Jun 29, 202014:41
4:14. Protein Modification
LISTEN @ 2x speed (on Apple podcasts). Discusses co- and post-translational modifications (GLUMPP) which occur for those proteins that aren’t fully ready to work even after translation finishes.
Jun 27, 202030:51
4:13. Semi-Conservative Replication
Discusses the conservative (Incorrect), dispersive(Incorrect), and Semi-Conservative (Correct) theories of replication.
Jun 26, 202002:42
4:12. DNA Repair 2 (response to Dimers) + Summary of BOTH DNA Repairs
Discuss endo- and exogenous factors that damage DNA, the process of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), and what happens when NER fails.
Jun 26, 202018:29
4:11. DNA Repair 1 (response to Mutations)
(This is where the modules get longer/content heavy). Discusses exo- and endonucleases as well as the Mismatch Repair Mechanism as a physiological fail safe.
Jun 24, 202019:21
4:10. Differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Strand structure, protection factors (proks have none), and starting A2 (proks = fmet // euks = met)
Jun 22, 202009:59
4:9. Translation
Discusses the process using the APE Sites.
Jun 21, 202007:50
4:8. Speed and Precision of DNA Replication
USELESS MODULE // I didn’t think I’d actually get it to 45 seconds LOL
Jun 21, 202000:45
4:7. Transcription and mRNA Processing
I know we talked about this in 4:1 but this has more detail. Distinguishes between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription and reviews eukaryotic transcription in detail (with processing).
Jun 21, 202015:03
4:6. The DNA Replication Process
(Yes it has a different name). The 8-step process.
Jun 20, 202004:54
4:5. Telomeres and Single Copy DNA vs. Repetitive DNA
Introduce telomeres as “protective caps” to ensure protection and quality replication of DNA sequences. Also discuss single copy DNA (important for genetic info) vs repetitive DNA (telomeres are an example of this).
Jun 19, 202011:36
4:4. Antiparallel Structure of DNA Strands
The strands (each of the 2 sugar phosphate backbones) run in opposite directions. That is all.
Jun 19, 202003:39
4:3. Molecular Structure of DNA
Really just a recap of the previous module + the types of bonding that forms the Double Helix
Jun 19, 202004:02
4:2. DNA (Overview)
Discuss DNA’s basic structure as well as the nitrogenous base pairs.
Jun 19, 202004:47
4:1. Eukaryotic gene transcription (DNA —> RNA)
(Content heavy!) Transcription, Structural Differences of Nucleic Acids, mRNA Processing, and RNA Interference
Jun 16, 202018:28
3:7. The Lineweaver-Burke Plot
Search up the Lineweaver-Burke Plot on your own.
Jun 15, 202001:31
3:6. Covalent Modifications to Enzynes
Covalent Modifications are changes made to a protein to accomplish a variety of tasks (activate, deactivate, etc). I discuss Small Post-translational Modifications, Zymogens, and Suicide Inhibitors.
Jun 15, 202011:33
3:5. Non-enzymatic Protein Function
MARTI (Motor, Antibodies, Receptors, Transport, and Ion Channel) Proteins. Don’t forget LITHOL for types of enzymes.
Jun 15, 202011:19
3:4. Allosteric Regulation and Feedback Loops
Discuss allostery, feedback loops, and the phosphofructokinase enzyme and it how it is involved in a feedback loop. (Pretty long module)
Jun 14, 202015:23
3:3. Cooperativity (or Cooperative Binding)
Details positive, negative, and noncooperation binding.
Jun 11, 202008:05
3:2. Steady States and the Michaelis-Mentin Equation
Discusses the steady state assumption and its equation, the MM Equation, and the catalytic efficiency equation. Also notes Kcat and Km and their interpretations.
Jun 11, 202012:04
3:1. An Introduction to Enzymes Kinetics
I discuss the 3 assumptions that allow for the (many) conclusions we will reach later in this season.
Jun 11, 202010:27
2:7. Enzymes and their Local Environment
The effects of the pH and Temperature factors on catalysis.
Jun 11, 202005:06
2:6. Cofactors, Coenzymes, and Vitamins
What they are and some examples. Discuss his minerals as well.
Jun 11, 202005:56
2:5. Six Types of Enzymes
LITHOL // Transferase, ligase, oxidoreductase, isomerase, hydroplane, lyase
Jun 11, 202011:52
2:4. Induced Fit Model of Enzyme Catalysis
Details active and allosteric site binding and distinguishes between reaction and regulation.
Jun 09, 202007:60
2:3. Enzymes and Activation Energy
Details how catalysts affect a reaction.
Jun 09, 202004:59
2:2. Intro to Enzymes and Catalysts
It’s in the title.
Jun 08, 202004:53
2:1. Enzyme Structure and Function
Discusses catalytic conditions and collision theory.
Jun 08, 202001:47