The Colonial Dept.

By Lio Mangubat

Welcome to the Colonial Department, the podcast where we take long-lost stories from Philippine colonial history and bring them to life. Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept

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EXTRA CREDIT: On Education During the Japanese Occupation

The Colonial Dept.Sep 23, 2022

00:00

04:39

S5E13: Union Jack & Union Jade

From 1762 to 1764, the British invaded and occupied Manila. When they left and returned the capital to Spain, the Castilians turned their wrath on the Chinese community, calling them traitors, apostates, and collaborators. But what was the real score?

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Flannery, Kristie Patrice (2016). “Battlefield Diplomacy and Empire-building in the Early Modern Pacific World.” Itinerario, 40(3). p. 67–488.

Eng Sin Kueh, Joshua (2014). The Manila Chinese: Community, Trade, and Empire, c. 1570-1770 [doctoral dissertation]. Georgetown University.

Escoto, Salvador P. (1999). “Expulsion of the Chinese and Readmission to the Philippines: 1764-1779.” Philippine Studies, 47(1), p. 48-76.

Escoto, Salvador P. (2000). “A Supplement to the Chinese Expulsion from the Philippines, 1764-1779.” Philippine Studies, 48(2), p. 209-234.

Wickberg, Edward (1964). “The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History.” The Journal of Southeast Asian History, 5(1), p. 62-100.

Ruiz-Stovel, Guillermo (2009). “Chinese Merchants, Silver Galleons, and Ethnic Violence in Spanish Manila, 1603-1686.” Mexico y la Cuenca del Pacifico, 12(36), p. 47-63.

McCarthy, Charles J. (1970). “Slaughter of Sangleys in 1639.” Philippine Studies, 18(3), p. 659-667.

Wilson, Andrew (2004). Ambition and Identity: Chinese Merchant Elites in Colonial Manila, 1880-1916. University of Hawaii Press.

“Journal of the Proceedings of His Majesty’s Forces On An Expedition Against Manila.” In Beatson, Robert (ed.),(1972) Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, From 1727 to 1783, Vol. 2, Greg Press.

Fish, Shirley (2003). When Britain Ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: The Story of the 18th Century British Invasion of the Philippines During the Seven Years War. Authorhouse.

Apr 20, 202414:22

Extra Credit: On the 1933 Case That Upheld a Filipino-White Marriage…For Two Months

In California, sympathetic judges allow a Filipino man to marry a white woman—at least until a new state law arrives. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check out the Roldan v. Los Angeles County case. (Listen to S5E12 before listening to this one!)

Apr 14, 202405:00

S5E12: Who Can Mister Filipino Marry?

In the early decades of the 20th century, scores of young Filipino men began migrating to the United States to work. In their spare time, they dressed in their best suits and nattiest shoes, then hit the clubs. But when these dance-hall romances blossomed into marriages with white women, the law stepped in to stop them. Central to the plaintiffs’ legal arguments was a dazzling trick question of pure pseudoscience: Was the Filipino a Mongolian… or a Malay?

References:

Strandjord, Corinne (2009). “Filipino Resistance to Anti-Miscegenation Laws in Washington State.” Great Depression in Washington State.

https://depts.washington.edu/depress/filipino_anti_miscegenation.shtml

Volpp, Leti (1999-2000). “American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California.” UC Davis Law Review, 33, 795-835.

Baldoz, Richard (2004). “Valorizing Racial Boundaries: Hegemony and Conflict in the Racialization of Filipino Migrant Labour in the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 969-986.

Aguilar, Filomeno V. (2011). “Filibustero, Rizal, and the Manilamen of the Nineteenth Century.” Philippine Studies, 59(4), 429–469.

Johnson, Stefanie (2005). “Blocking Racial Intermarriage Laws in 1935 and 1937.” The Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/antimiscegenation.htm

Wilkerson, Isabel (2020). ‎Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. Random House

Desmond-Harris, Jenée and Caswell, Estelle (13 January 2015). “The myth of race, debunked in 3 minutes.” Vox. https://www.vox.com/2015/1/13/7536655/race-myth-debunked

“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.

Apr 05, 202415:32

Extra Credit: On Rizal, “Agent of Bismarck”

After publishing Noli Me Tangere, Jose Rizal gets red-tagged… er, German-tagged by the Spanish authorities! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check out the accusations against Rizal, and how he responded to them. (Listen to S5E11 before listening to this one!)

Mar 30, 202404:24

S5E11: Sweet Carolines

Sea snakes and scientists, popes and Pacific islands all star in this wide-ranging episode. As Germany and Spain threaten to go to war over a chain of islands, the Spaniards feared that the diplomatic ruckus kicked up by the Caroline Crisis would also swallow up their colony next door: the Philippines!

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

P.S. My voiceover partner-in-crime, Anya, is on extended leave, so I’ll be voicing the entirety of this episode.

References:

Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2012). “Scientific Authority, Nationalism, and Colonial Entanglements between Germany, Spain, and the Philippines, 1850 to 1900” [doctoral dissertation]. University of Washington.

Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2021). Specters of Germany: Colonial Rivalry and Scholarship in the Philippine Reform Movement and Revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Hanlon, David (1988). Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890. University of Hawaii Press.

Hezel, Francis X. (1995). Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands. University of Hawaii Press.

“German Gunboats and Pacific Natives” (14 February 1887). The West Australian.

“Jose Rizal, suspected spy, deciphered” (19 September 2012). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. https://nhcp.gov.ph/jose-rizal-suspected-spy-deciphered/

Mar 15, 202414:10

Extra Credit: On the Beheading During the British Invasion

During negotiations with the besieging British, an English officer loses his head to Philippine lancers! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we zero in on this unexpected episode during the 1762 Battle of Manila. (Listen to S5E10 before listening to this one!)

Mar 09, 202403:52

S5E10: Off With Their Heads

When the conquistadors arrive in the Philippines, the takers of gold come face to face with the takers of heads.

References:

Tan, Narciso C. (2021). Púgot: Head Taking, Ritual Cannibalism, and Human Sacrifice in the Philippines. Vibal Foundation.

De Raedt, Jules (2010). “The Talanganay Myth Analyzed.” The Cordillera Review: Journal of Philippine Culture and Society, 2(1).

Zaragoza, Ramon Ma. (2004). “Capitan Juan de Salcedo.” Budhi, 8(3).

Riquel, Fernando. “Proclamation Regarding Treasure. Order to Make Declaration of the Gold Taken from the Burial-Places of the Indians.” In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 2), Arthur H. Clark Company.

Mar 02, 202414:20

Extra Credit: On So-Called ‘Mickey Mouse’ Money

During World War II, the Japanese-backed currency became a laughingstock in Manila! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a look at wartime currency. (Listen to S5E9 before listening to this one!)

Feb 24, 202404:11

S5E9: Manila Starves!

Sisid rice. “Star” meat. Loads and loads of kamote. Inside Japanese-occupied Manila, residents of the capital city must do what they can to fend off starvation.

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Jose, Ricardo T. (1998). The Japanese Occupation. In Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Asia Publishing Company Limited.

Fernandez, Doreen (1998). “Surviving Off the Land.” In Jose (1998), The Japanese Occupation. Asia Publishing Company Limited.

Parsons, Chick (1942). “Memorandum as the Conditions in the Philippines during Japanese Occupation. Memorandum of Mr. C. Parsons to the Department of State [declassified intelligence document].

PEMSEA (2007). “Manila Bay: Initial risk assessment.” PEMSEA Technical Information Report No. 2007/01112.

Stinner, William F.; Bacol-Montilla, Melinda (1981). “Population Deconcentration in Metropolitan Manila in the Twentieth Century.” The Journal of Developing Areas, 16(1), 3-16.

Reyes, Millie and Karla (6 December 2018). “The love story behind the Aristocrat — and the back story of their barbecue.” Philippine Star.

“Lido Cocina Tsina: A must-visit dining institution in Manila.” (25 January 2013). Philippine Star.

French, Paul (2018). City of Devils: The Two Men Who Ruled the Underworld of Old Shanghai. Picador.

Scott, James C. (2010). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press.

Feb 10, 202413:52

Extra Credit: On the ‘Banyaga’ of the Southern Seas

Abducted from their homes, these slaves are plunged into their new life! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the lives of the slaves in Sulu. (Listen to S5E8 before listening to this one!)

Feb 04, 202404:34

S5E8: Defending Against the Slave Raids

The panicked cries of a watchman, the desperate tolling of church bells, the cloud of masts appearing on the horizon. In the coastal towns of colonial Philippines, these can only mean one thing: the slavers have arrived.

References:

Warren, James Francis (2021). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (40th Anniversary Ed.) Ateneo de Manila Press.

Non, Domingo N. (March 1993). “Moro Piracy During the Spanish Period and Its Impact.” Southeast Asian Studies, 30(4).

Jan 26, 202414:45

Extra Credit: On the Treaty Between the Ex Ex and the Sultan of Sulu

The first pact signed between the US and the Sulu kingdom! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss Charles Wilkes’ sitdown with the sultan. (Listen to S5E7 before listening to this one!)

Jan 20, 202404:08

S5E7: Climbing Banahaw in the Name of Science

The “scientifics” of the so-called Ex Ex summit Mt. Banahaw in 1842, as part of their quest to survey the Philippine archipelago! What does this American scientific expedition find in our islands?

References

Wilkes, Charles (1845). Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Lea and Blanchard.

Walsh, Jane (March 2004). “From the Ends of the Earth: The United States Exploring Expedition Collections.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Walsh-01.htm

Philbrick, Nathaniel (January 2004). “The Scientific Legacy of the U.S. Exploring Expedition.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Philbrick.htm

Gorospe, Vitaliano R. (1992). “Mount Banahaw: The Power Mountain From Ritualism to Spirituality.” Philippine Studies, 40(2), 204-218.

Somera, Rene D. (1986). “Pamumuwesto of Mount Banahaw.” Philippine Studies, 34(4), 436-451.

Grunes, Marissa (2021). “Ahab and Ishmael in Antarctica: How Charles Wilkes's White Continent Gave Rise to the White Whale.” Leviathan, 23(2), 3-33.

Frankopan, Peter (2023). The Earth Transformed: An Untold History of the World. Knopf.

Jan 12, 202415:58

Extra Credit: On the Spanish Search for Cordillera Gold

The search is on for the legendary mines of the north! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the early Spanish expeditions to what is now Benguet. (Listen to S5E6 before listening to this one!)

Jan 07, 202404:35

S5E6: The Spanish Ore-cuppation

Through extortion, occupation, and “tribute”, the Spanish conquistadors in the Philippines get to work looting and plundering that most precious of all metals: gold.

References:

Sitoy, T. Valentino, Jr. (1985). A History of Christianity in the Philippines: The Initial Encounter, Vol. 1. New Day Publishers.

Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Capistrano-Baker, Florina H.; Guy, John; Miksic, John N. (eds.) (2012). Philippine Ancestral Gold. Ayala Foundation and NUS Press.

Estrella, Victor (29 November 2016). “Ancient Tagalog Goldworking Technology from Fray San Buenaventura’s Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala: Integrating Archaeological, Linguistic, and Ethnohistoric Data.” Hukay, 20, p. 47-78.

“Reply to Fray Rada’s Opinion,” (1574) in In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 3), Arthur H. Clark Company.

Habana, Olivia M. (2000). “Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898.” Philippine Studies, 48(4), p. 455-487.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (undated). “Pre-colonial Gold and Pottery Collection.” Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

Ocampo, Ambeth (17 May 2012). “Living in a golden age.” Inquirer.net https://opinion.inquirer.net/28895/living-in-a-golden-age

“A Golden Discovery in the Philippines.” (11 September 2015). Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/golden-discovery-philippines

Dec 23, 202312:24

Extra Credit: On the Bukidnon Theater of World War II

Clashes over cowboy country! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the conflict that raged over this Mindanao province during World War II. (Listen to S5E5 before listening to this one!)

Dec 16, 202305:13

S5E5: The Death March Down South

The Bataan Death March is rightly remembered as one of the worst atrocities in the Philippine theater of World War II. But it wasn’t the only death march.

References:

Frederick Marion Fullerton Collection (AFC/2001/001/15785), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Edgerton, Ronald K. (2009). People of the Middle Ground: A Century of Conflict and Central Mindanao, 1880-1980s. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

“Interview with Benjamin Hagans” (undated). The Digital Collections of the National WWII Museum.

Richard P. Beck Collection (AFC/2001/001/54751), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.

Congressional Office of Iligan City (21 February 2021). “[LOOK]: "The Iligan Death March :What We Should Know about It” [interview with Roderico Y. Dumaug, Jr.]. Facebook Live.

Donesa, Robert John (2020). “The Mindanao Death March: Establishing a Historical Fact Through Online Research.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, 11(7).

“Richard P. Beck.” [Obituary] (2 December 2007). The Sumter Item.

Disabled American Veterans. “Surviving the Bataan Death March [interview with Lester Tenney].” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPbAd1TUGJA

Dec 09, 202315:02

Extra Credit: On the Rise of Balut

Witness the rise of the incubated duck egg! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we present a short history of that signature Pinoy dish. (Listen to S5E4 before listening to this one!)

Dec 02, 202304:10

S5E4: Assembling a Colonial Breakfast

In the 1890s, a wealthy Filipino family sits down to eat a “full Filipino breakfast.” Let’s run down the history of everything on their menu, shall we?

References:

Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Sta. Maria, Felice Prudente (1991). Pigafetta’s Philippine Picnic: Culinary Encounters During the First Circumnavigation, 1519-1522. National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

Rafael, Vincente (2000). “Foreword.” In Cardenas, Karen Berthelsen (eds.) The Tayabas Chronicles: The Early Years (1886-1907), Anvil Publishing.

“What is ENSO?” National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat

Nov 25, 202315:19

Extra Credit: On the Role of Pampanga in Colonial History

Need labor, lumber, and loads of rice? The Spanish in Manila looked to Pampanga. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check in on one of colonial Philippines’ most important provinces. (Listen to S5E3 before listening to this one!)

Nov 19, 202304:28

S5E3: An Awkward Armada

Kapampangan warriors! Japanese mercs! Spanish soldiers! Portuguese promises! Let’s set sail with the grand fleet of Governor-General Juan de Silva as they face down the Dutch.

References:

Borschberg, Peter (2010). “Luso-Spanish Naval Intervention.” In The Singapore and Malaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. National University of Singapore Press, 137-156.

Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993). The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern

Period. University of Hawaii Press.

Kadir, Hatib Abdul (2014). “History of the Moluccan’s Cloves as a Global Commodity.” Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture, 1(2).

Valpuesta Villa, Inigo (2022). “Una oportunidad perdida. La gran armada de Juan de Silva en Filipinas (1610-1616).” Obradoiro De Historia Moderna, 31. https://revistas.usc.gal/index.php/ohm/article/view/7771

Laarhoven, Ruurdje, and Wittermans, Elizabeth Pino (1985). “From Blockade to Trade: Early Dutch Relations with Manila, 1600-1750.” Philippine Studies, 33(4), 485-504.

Peterson, Andrew Christian (August 2014). Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]

Nov 11, 202315:39

Extra Credit: On the Later Life of Princess Tarhata Kiram

What was life like for this Sulu royal after her rebellion? In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check in with Princess Tarhata’s life and legacy. (Listen to S5E2 before listening to this one!)

Nov 04, 202304:22

S5E2: Hattie the Headhunter

From princess to flapper to schoolteacher to rebel, this is the extraordinary story of Tarhata Kiram.

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Leetaru, Kaleev (2004-2011). “Woman’s Building/Bevier Hall/English Building.” UIHistories Project: A History of the University of Illinois. https://uihistories.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/cview?SITEID=1&ID=80

Vaugh, Miles W. (20 April 1927). “Former Illinois University Co-Ed Aspires to Become Moro Empress.” The Pittsburgh Press.

Associated Press (7 February 1927). “Moro Chief Abandons Favorite Wife Who Saved Him From His Armed Foes.” Youngstown Vindicator.

“That Wild Little Sulu Flapper We Couldn’t Tame.” (Author unknown, 27 February 1927) The Sunday Vindicator.

“Princess Takes Blame For Revolt.” (Author unknown, 7 February 1927). The Telegraph-Herald.

Angeles, Vivienne S.M. (1997). “Philippine Muslim Women: Tradition and Change.” In Islam, Gender, and Social Change (John L. Esposito, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, eds.). Oxford University Press.

Society Editor (10 September 1920). Caption in “The Social Whirl.” The Afro-American.

“Student Life at Illinois: 1910-1919.” Student Life and Culture Archives, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/research-education/timeline/1910-1919/

Malcolm, G. A. (1957). American Colonial Careerist. Boston, MA: Christopher Publishing House.

Chua, Xiao (23 May 2013). “Tarhata Kiram: Astig na Prinsesang Muslim.” It’s Xiaotime! https://xiaochua.net/2013/05/23/xiao-time-23-may-2013-tarhata-kiram-astig-na-prinsesang-muslim/

Brainard, Cecilia (2 January 2015). “Philippines: Filipina Muslim Princess Tarhata Kiram.” Travels (and More) with Cecilia Brainard. https://cbrainard.blogspot.com/2015/01/princess-tarhata-kiram.html

Oct 28, 202312:59

Extra Credit: On the Policies of Carlos Maria de la Torre

Reformist… and politician. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we look further at the legacy of the short-lived reign of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre. (Listen to S5E1 before listening to this one!)

Oct 22, 202305:03

S5E1: The Governor-General’s Love Affair

A tantalizing wind was blowing into the Philippines from Madrid. In its wake was Carlos Maria de la Torre, who seemed determined to shock the entrenched colonial establishment.
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:

Simpson, Renate (1980). “Higher Education in the Philippines under the Spanish.” Journal of Asian History, 14(1), p. 1-46.
Smith, Willard A. (July 1950). “The Background of the Spanish Revolution of 1868.” The American Historical Review, 55(4), p. 787-810.
Escudier, Alicia Castellanos. “Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada.” Real Academia de la Historia. dbe.rah.es/biografias/54427/carlos-maria-de-la-torre-y-navacerrada
Aseniero, George (2013). “From Cádiz to La Liga: The Spanish Context of Rizal’s Political Thought.” Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives in Asia, 49(1), 1-42.
“Spanish Constitutions, Brief Historical Overview” (undated). Constitucionalism español, Biblioteca Virtual del Patrimonio Bibliografico. bvpb.mcu.es/constituciones/en/micrositios/inicio.do
The Senate between 1834 and 1923” (2 January 2023). In Constitutional Periods, Senado de España website, www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/periodosconstitucionales/index.html?lang=en
Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Guerrero, Milagros C. and Schumacher, John N., S.J. (1998). Kasaysan: The Story of the Filipino People. Vol. 5: Reform and Revolution. Asia Publishing Company, Limited.
De Viana, Augusto (2019). “Agoncillo and Zaide painted Governor de la Torre in a favorable light…” [Facebook comment left on Everyday History’s July 12, 2019 photo post). Facebook. www.facebook.com/EverydayHistoryPH/posts/july12-on-this-day-in-1869-at-a-feast-hosted-by-liberal-spanish-governor-general/2301798766760540/
Ayala Museum (11 March 2021). “In celebration of #WomensHistoryMonth…” [Facebook photo caption]. Facebook. www.facebook.com/ayalamuseum/photos/a.156207354399852/4021961857824363/

Oct 14, 202314:24

Extra Credit: On the Japanese Fight Versus Typewriters, Radios, and the News

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we head to the frontlines of the information war gripping Manila in World War II. (Listen to S4E13 before listening to this one!)

Aug 26, 202305:00

S4E13: Tour de Tojo

Prime minister, general, and future convicted war criminal Hideki Tojo drops by the Philippines to see for himself if their colony is ready for independence. So how does his surprise visit go?

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Dery, Luis C. (1984) “Japan’s New Order in the Philippines, 1942-1945: A Blueprint for Asia Under Japan.” Philippine Social Sciences Review 48(1-4), 291-361.

Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking.

Jose, Ricardo T. (1998). The Japanese Occupation. In Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Asia Publishing Company Limited.

Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (1998). “Anything But Comfort.” In Jose, Ricardo T., The Japanese Occupation (110-111), Asia Publishing Company Limited.

“Tojo tells Manila He’ll Crush Allies; Japanese Premier Boasts That 'Thorough Blow at Enemy's Armed Power' Is Near.” New York Times, 7 May 1943.

“January 29, 1943.” Diary of Francis Burton Harrison. In The Philippine Diary Project. https://philippinediaryproject.com/1943/01/29/january-29-1943/

Aug 19, 202314:46

Extra Credit: How the Manila Carnival Transformed Philippine Sports

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, let’s punch our ticket to the Manila Carnival as it takes local sports (and local athletes) to the next level. (Listen to S4E12 before listening to this one!)

Aug 07, 202304:54

S4E12: A Muscular Christianity

Civilize? Christianize? As the Americans move into their new colony, they pack an unlikely weapon in their mission to take over the Philippines: sports!

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References:

Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets. Lexington Books.

Putz, Paul (31 January 2022). “Muscular Christianity and Moral Formation Through Sports.” Faith & Sports. Truett Seminary of Baylor University. https://blogs.baylor.edu/faithsports/2022/01/31/muscular-christianity-and-moral-formation-through-sports/

Report on the YWCA and the YMCA in the Philippine Islands, 1930 (1930). Sophia Smith Collection of Women’s History (File — Box: 4, Reel: 354, microdex: 8), Smith College Special Collections. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/170680

Brosas, Arturo (4 January 2023). “What is Texas Gamefowl Chicken?” Agraryo.com https://agraryo.com/poultry/what-is-texas-gamefowl-chicken/

Kramer, Paul (2014). “Colonial Crossings: Prostitution, Disease, and the Boundaries of Empire During the Philippine-American War.” In Body and Nation: The Global Realm of US Body Politics in the Twentieth Century (Rosenberg, E. and Fitzpatrick S., eds), Duke University Press.

Bartholomew, Rafe (2010). Pacific Rims: Beermen Ballin’ in Flip-Flops and the Philippines’ Unlikely Love Affair with Basketball. New American Library.

Anderson, Warwick (2006). Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.

Jul 28, 202313:54

Extra Credit: On the Historic Narra Table That Sold For P7.6 Million

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, take a seat at one of the Philippines' historic pieces of furniture. (Listen to S4E11 before listening to this one!)

Jul 23, 202303:39

S4E11: When a Romanov Visited Pampanga

Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov, uncle to the last tsar of Russia, makes an unexpected pitstop at a sprawling estate along the banks of the Pampanga River.

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References:

Kowner, Rotem (15 June 2022). “Time to Remember, Time to Forget: The Battle of Tsushima in Japanese Collective Memory since 1905.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 20(12, 3).

Pyvovarov, Serhii (1 April 2022). “118 years ago, Russia wanted to distract its people from internal problems, inciting a “small victorious war” with Japan. It ended in defeat and revolution, and the phrase became a meme.” Babel.

“Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich” [Caption to a Portrait]. Jewels of the Romanovs: Treasures of the Russian Imperial Court. Online exhibition. https://www.alexanderpalace.org/jewels/gda.html

Carlson, Peter (8 January 2018). “Encounter: Grand Duke Alexis Meets Buffalo Bill, Custer, Sherman, and Chief Spotted Tail.” Historynet. https://www.historynet.com/encounter-grand-duke-alexis-meets-buffalo-bill-custer-sherman-chief-spotted-tail/

Freeman, Dianne (26 July 2021). “The Imperial Russians Who Defied the Czar for Love.” Crime Reads. https://crimereads.com/the-imperial-russians-who-defied-the-czar-for-love/

Gonzalez, August Marcelino Reyes III and Gonzalez, Macario Diosdado Arnedo (19 August 2006). “Familia Arnedo de Sulipan, Apalit, Pampanga.” Remembrance of Things Awry. https://remembranceofthingsawry.wordpress.com/2006/08/19/361/

Tinio, Martin I. Jr. (9 June 2018). “A Table Like No Other.” The Spectacular Mid-Year Auction 2018. Leon Gallery.

Ocampo, Ambeth (3 October 2018). “Berezowsky, Rizal’s Russian Friend.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/116506/berezowsky-rizals-russian-friend

Ocampo, Ambeth (30 June 2023). “History on the tongue.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/164409/history-on-the-tongue

Gonzalez-Ventura, Barbara (2 July 2005). “Fiesta in Apalit and Sulipan.” Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/modern-living/2005/07/02/284524/fiesta-apalit-and-sulipan Audio of Anastasia © Twentieth Century Fox.

Jul 15, 202314:33

Extra Credit: On 'La India Rica,' the Colonial Stereotype of the Ideal Pinay

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, flip through Spanish-era periodicals to get their take on the "ideal Filipina woman." (Listen to S4E10 before listening to this one!)

Jul 08, 202304:39

S4E10: A Flash Flood of Fast Fashion

It’s an intercontinental textile trade war, as Spain throws open its colony’s ports to the world, and imported cotton from Britain muscles its way into Philippine markets.

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Ladrido, R.C. (27 May 2022) “Piña: The queen of Philippine handwoven textiles.” Vera Files. https://verafiles.org/articles/pina-the-queen-of-philippine-handwoven-textiles

Lush, Emily. “Piña (Pineapple) Cloth, Philippines.” The Textile Atlas. https://www.thetextileatlas.com/craft-stories/pina-cloth-philippines

Henry F. Funtecha (December 1981). “Iloilo’s Weaving Industry During the 19th Century.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 9(4), 301-308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791740

Griffin, Emma (2014, 15 May). “Manchester in the 19th century.” British Library. https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/manchester-in-the-19th-century

“Manchester, Cotton, and Slavery.” (19 January 2023). The Science and Industry Museum. https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/manchester-cotton-and-slavery

Legarda, Benito (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Clips from Maria Clara at Ibarra and the Howie Severino Podcast are from GMA.

Jul 01, 202315:56

Extra Credit: On Why Abaca Became So Important to Philippine History

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a brief look at why abaca became one of the Philippines' most valuable cash crops. (Listen to S4E9 before listening to this one!)

Jun 24, 202304:12

S4E9: The Lethal Cost of Building the Galleons

Native wood. Native workers. These are the foundations that made the prosperous Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco possible. But at what price?

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Peterson, Andrew Christian (August 2014). Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]

Buhain, Jose M. (1994). “The Recovery of the San Diego.” Philippine Studies 42(4), p. 539-549.

Jun 17, 202314:30

Extra Credit: On Armenian Entrepreneurs in Colonial Manila

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we unearth the small but important role of Armenian trade in Philippine colonial history. (Listen to S4E8 before listening to this one!)

Jun 10, 202304:37

S4E8: British East India Co., Manila Branch

Beginning in the 1670s, the biggest, most rapacious company on earth set its sights on the great trading port of the Pacific.
Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept
Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:
Dalrymple, Alexander (4 March 2015). “The East India Company: The original corporate raiders.” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders
Fish, Shirley (2003). When Britain Ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: The Story of the 18th Century British Invasion of the Philippines During the Seven Years War. 1stBooks Library.
Gallop, Annabel (5 June 2014). “Alexander Dalrymple’s Treaties with Sulu in Malay and Tausug.” British Library, Asian and African Studies.
McIlhagga, Samuel (23 September 2019). “William Dalrymple on why Britain shouldn't be speaking nostalgically about empires amid Brexit.” The National.
Quiason, Serafin (1966). English “Country Trade” with the Philippines: 1644-1765. University of the Philippines Press.
Flannery, Kristie Patricia (14 December 2016). “Battlefield Diplomacy and Empire-building in the Indo-Pacific World during the Seven Years’ War.” Itinerario 40(3).
Thomas, Megan C. (26 March 2019). “Securing Trade: The Military Labor of the British Occupation of Manila, 1762–1764.” International Review of Social History 64.
Apple and Amazon financial news audio from CNBC International and Forbes.

May 13, 202315:48

Extra Credit: On Life Inside Bilibid Prison During the 1910s

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a short peek at the daily routine for Bilibid prisoners during the American period. (Listen to S4E7 before listening to this one!)

May 07, 202304:57

S4E7: Upon This Rock

Prisoners from the Philippines get sent to the slammer—serving their sentences inside the military prison of Alcatraz! But what crimes earned them time on The Rock?
Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept
Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:
Thompson, Erwin S. (2000). The Rock: A History of Alcatraz Island, 1847-1972. U.S. National Park Service.
Reed, John S. (1995) "External Discipline during Counterinsurgency: A Philippine War Case Study, 1900—1901." The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 4(1), 29-48.
Smiley, Will. (2012). “Lawfare in Luzon: The American Application of the Rules of War in the Philippines, 1898-1903." [Term Paper, Yale Law School]
Wills, Matthew (4 February 2020). “The Jim Crow Army in the Philippine-American War.” JStor Daily. daily.jstor.org/the-jim-crow-army-in-the-philippine-american-war
Hallock, Jennifer (17 January 2021). “Sergeant Major John W. Calloway: A Voice to Challenge Empire.” jenniferhallock.com jenniferhallock.com/2021/01/17/john-calloway-philippines
Audio of The Rock ©Buena Vista Pictures

Apr 29, 202316:02

Extra Credit: On the Battle of Balanguingui

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we talk about that other notable exploit of Governor-General Narciso Claveria—one that he'd pulled off a year before his big decree of family names. (Listen to S4E6 before listening to this one!)

Apr 22, 202304:30

S4E6: The Big Book of Family Names

The governor-general of the Philippines just conquered an island in Mindanao. Now, he’s about to do the same to each and every name in the archipelago.

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

Check out the Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos at issuu.com/filipinasheritagelibrary/docs/catalogo_alfabetico_de_apellidos

References:

Cojuangco, Tingting (1993). Kris of Valor: The Samal Balangingi’s Defiance and Diaspora. Manisan Research and Pub. Inc.

“Tarsila.” (2015). In V. Almario (Ed.), Sagisag Kultura (Vol 1). Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/tarsila/

Dizon, Mark (2015). “Spirit Beliefs, Murder, and Religious Change Among the Eighteenth Century Aeta and Ilongot in Eastern Central Luzon.” Philippine Studies 63(1), 3-38.

Lambrecht, Francis (1962). “The Religion of the Ifugao.” Philippine Sociological Review 10(1/2), 33-40.

Scheans, Daniel (1966). “Anak Ti Digos: Ilokano Name Changing and Ritual Kinship.” Philippine Sociological Review 14(2), 82-85.

Colin, Francisco (1663). Labor Evangelica. In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 40), Arthur H. Clark Company, 57.

Lijauco, Chit (16 February 2022). “Tracing the Origins of our Filipino Surnames.” Philippine Tatler. https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/others/tracing-the-origins-of-our-filipino-surnames

Ocampo, Ambeth (28 February 2020). “How Filipinos got their surnames.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/127676/how-filipinos-got-their-surnames

Ocampo, Ambeth (15 February 2013). “A sense of order.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/46885/a-sense-of-order

Mangubat, Benjamin (undated). …The Infinite Possibilities of a Broken Egg… Self-published.

Apr 16, 202314:46

Extra Credit: On Jewish Experiences Living in 1939 Manila

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a brief look at what everyday life was like for the Jewish refugees who fled Nazi persecution to take shelter in Manila! (Listen to S4E5 before listening to this one!)

Apr 08, 202304:49

S4E5: Shadow of the Fatherland

With war looming against the Axis powers, the Nazi party tries to exert its influence on the small community of Germans and Jews who lived in the Philippines. How did we fight back against the antisemitism?

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2021). Specters of Germany: Colonial Rivalry and Scholarship in the Philippine Reform Movement & Revolution. Ateneo de Manila Press.

Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.

Gopal, Lou (2014 January 28). “Manila Germans and the German Club.” Manila Nostalgia. http://www.lougopal.com/manila/?p=1869

Kotlowski, Dean J. (November 2009). “Breaching the Paper Walls: Paul V. McNutt and Jewish Refugees to the Philippines, 1938-1939.” Diplomatic History 33(5), 865-896.

Krebs, Gerhard (2015 January 1). “Racism Under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective.” In Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Brill.

Kowner, Rotem (2017). “When economics, strategy, and racial ideology meet: inter-Axis connections in the wartime Indian Ocean.” Journal of Global History 12, 228-250.

Aluit, Alfonso J. (1994). By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II, 3 February - 3 March 1945. Bookmark, Inc.

Scott, James M. (2018). Rampage: MacArthur, Yamashita, and the Battle of Manila. W. W. Norton & Company.

Audio from German newsreels from Pathe and British Movietone. Audio of Kristallnacht survivors from The Atlantic. Audio of the Nanjing Massacre survivor from the Shoah Foundation.

Mar 31, 202317:47

Extra Credit: On the Role of Bicycles in Philippine Wartime

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we, ahem, cycle through some historical facts about bicycles in World War II-era Philippines! (Listen to S4E4 before listening to this one!)

Mar 26, 202304:28

S4E4: The Bicycle in Peace and War

From Rizal in Dapitan to Japanese troops on a blitzkrieg, this is a short history of biking in the Philippines.

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Severino, Howie (22 June 2020). “Rizal’s Wish for a Second-Hand Bicycle.” GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/specials/content/160/howie-severino-rizal-s-wish-for-a-second-hand-bicycle/

Herlihy, David (2010). The Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sports and the American Occupation of the Philippines. Lexington Books.

Earle Stevens, Joseph (1899). Yesterdays in the Philippines. Charles Scribner & Sons.

Giron, Brian Paul (2020 October 4). “Finding bikes in our history.” Cycling Matters. https://www.cyclingmatters.ph/culture/finding-bikes-in-our-history/

Tewell, John. Pretty Filipina with her pride and joy, an American girl’s bicycle [Photo]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/52134258412/sizes/h/?fbclid=IwAR2iU54F7mfNFYEpj3Q8mNc840NVblElvS3hHudysR9q8qo9CwsgsqDglks

Fernandez, Yvette and Goy, Abi (2012). Big John: The Life Story of John Gokongwei Jr. Summit Books.

Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.

Barriga, Maria Cynthia B. (2015). “The Asia-Pacific War in the Davao Settler Zone, December 1941.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 30(1): 56–90.

Danquah, Francis K. (2005). “Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan's English Language Press.” Agricultural History 79(1), 74-96

LCDR Headrick, Alan C (1994). Bicycle Blitzkrieg: The Malayan Campaign and the Fall of Singapore. (Paper submitted to the Operations Department.) Naval War College. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/RisingSun/BicycleBlitz/

Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking.

Interview with John Gokongwei Jr. from CNBC International.

Mar 18, 202315:53

Extra Credit: On the Book 'Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan'

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we crack open the book by historian Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, which was my main resource for the most recent episode. (Listen to S4E3 before listening to this one!)

Mar 11, 202304:54

S4E3: Magellan at the Edge of the World

Before Magellan crossed the Pacific, headed to the Philippines, and met his end at a Cebu beach, he was tasked with the impossible: sail to the end of their known world. What would he find there?

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

Reference:

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Columbus Day audio from Mel-O-Toons Animation.

Mar 03, 202318:26

Extra Credit: On the Sakadas of Hawaii

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we give more context about the oppression of the sakadas in Hawaii, which ultimately led to their big 1924 strike... and the Hanapēpē Massacre. (Listen to S4E2 before listening to this one!)

Feb 26, 202304:57

S4E2: What Happened at Hanapēpē

As Filipino immigrants call for better pay and better treatment in the sugar cane plantations, the histories of Hawaii and the Philippines are about to intersect in a bloody way.

Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com

References:

Jung, Moon-Kie (2004). “Symbolic and Physical Violence: Legitimate State Coercion of Filipino Workers in Prewar Hawai'i.” American Studies 45(3), 107-137.

Hill, Tiffany (2009, December 30). “A Massacre Forgotten.” Honolulu. https://www.honolulumagazine.com/a-massacre-forgotten/

Alegado, Dean (2011, September 26). “Blood In The Fields: The Hanapepe Massacre And The 1924 Filipino Strike.” Positively Filipino. http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2012/11/26/blood-in-the-fields-the-hanapepe-massacre-and-the-1942-filipino-strike

Sobeleski, Hank (2006, September 10). “Pablo Manapit and the Hanapepe Massacre.” The Garden Island. https://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/lifestyles/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/

“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.

Van Dijk, Kees (2015). “The Failed Annexation of Hawaii.” In Pacific Strife, Amsterdam University Press.

Feb 18, 202314:20

Extra Credit: On Japanese-Philippine Religious Links in the 1600s

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we examine the role of religion and religious missionaries in the seventeenth-century Japanese threats to conquer Manila. (Listen to S4E1 before listening to this one!)

Feb 12, 202304:51