Skip to main content
Africa Climate Podcast.

Africa Climate Podcast.

By Sophie Mbugua

Shaping the #african #climatechange and #environment story through in-depth #conversations with African experts. Hosted by #SophieMbugua a #kenyan Environmental journalist.
Available on
Apple Podcasts Logo
Castbox Logo
Google Podcasts Logo
Overcast Logo
Pocket Casts Logo
RadioPublic Logo
Spotify Logo
Currently playing episode

Economics of Climate Change; Challenges and Opportunities.

Africa Climate Podcast.Oct 27, 2020

00:00
50:50
Nairobi's billboards live streaming the city's air pollution.

Nairobi's billboards live streaming the city's air pollution.

Tiny particles in the air reduce visibility. Also, cause the air to appear hazy when levels are elevated. Often referred to as PM2.5, the particles can travel deeply into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs. Exposure to fine particles can cause runny nose, shortness of breath, sneezing, eye, nose, throat, and lung irritation, as well as coughing.

In today's episode, I host Sean Khan, the Global Environment Monitoring System Program Manager at the UN Environment, Owen Ombima, Safaricom Environment Manager, and Lawrence Mwangi, the Nairobi City County Deputy Director of Environment.

The Nairobi City County has partnered with Kenya's leading mobile network provider, Safaricom, and the UN Environment to monitor and measure air pollution levels in the city. the partnership has been live-streaming the color-coded data on digital billboards to raise awareness among the city dwellers on the quality of the air they breathe daily. Green or UN Blue means the air is good. Red, brown, purple, or even orange means polluted air.

Feb 21, 202233:57
Sectors in Ghana join hands to reduce rising air pollution.

Sectors in Ghana join hands to reduce rising air pollution.

Ghana’s air quality monitoring started back in 1996. Over the years, different sectors have joined hands to curb air pollution emanating from the transport sector, and solid waste management of which 60percent is collected.

Additionally, dust storms from the northeast of Africa and extraction of precious minerals from e-waste has led the country to set up air quality monitors every four kilometers along the industrial, residential, and commercial areas.

Today on the air pollution series, Ghana’s Environmental protection agency acting director, Emmanuel Appoh, tells us how the years of air quality monitoring have informed policy and development plans in Ghana. What challenges has the country faced and the systems Ghana put into ensuring air quality emissions reduction?

Feb 14, 202233:06
It is time Africa rethinks air pollution funding.

It is time Africa rethinks air pollution funding.

Africa attracted about five percent of development funding and less than four percent of philanthropy funding to fight air pollution between 2015 – 2020 according to the 2021 report. Most sub-Saharan African countries are highly in debt. The 2022 international debt crisis report shows that sub-Saharan Africa's debt rose from $665 Billion in 2019 to 702B. With most of the funding is in the form of loans, how can governments fund monitoring and curbing air pollution without getting their nations deeper into debt?

Feb 07, 202237:32
Why are air pollution policies not translating into actions at the village level?

Why are air pollution policies not translating into actions at the village level?

Cities in Africa are fast-growing. Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to have 13 megacities by 2100. A 2021 UN Environment report on Air Pollution and Development in Africa shows that outdoor air pollution was responsible for an estimated nearly 400,000 deaths across Africa in 2019. 

Economically, countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, and Rwanda annually are recurring losses in the economical production of between 0.08 and 0.3 per cent of gross domestic product. Sucking in dirty is the leading cause of sick and unproductive workers. 

In 2019 Ethiopia lost approximately $2.71 billion, Ghana $1.38 billion in Ghana, and Rwanda $308 million in output due to air pollution-related premature death. 

In today’s episode with Dr Alice Kaudia, the former Environment Secretary at the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources in Kenya, we discuss interlinkages between development and air pollution. Government policies, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are not translating into actions at the village level despite the high health losses and the way forward.

Jan 31, 202233:02
Dirty Air: Dirty Blood!

Dirty Air: Dirty Blood!

Did you know that you breathe about 150 liters of air daily and that the air you breathe goes directly to your lungs and bloodstream? Dr. George Mwaniki, the head of Air Quality at the World Resources Institute (WRI) Africa, says breathing in dirty air sucks in tiny particles that can damage lungs, hearts, and brains. 

The world health organization reckons that reducing air pollution levels can reduce the burden of diseases like stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma. In 2019, 1.1 million people died due to air pollution in Africa. Globally, air pollution causes over 7 million deaths annually according to Lancet. In Nairobi, Kenya, Dr. Mwaniki reckons that around 22,000 people die annually due to impacts of air pollution. UNICEF says Nigeria, recorded 78 percent of air pollution-related pneumonia deaths among children under five years in 2019.

Jan 24, 202224:38
Welcome Back: Lets talk about air pollution in Africa.

Welcome Back: Lets talk about air pollution in Africa.

Africa’s growth has been accelerating for the last twenty years. Before the Covid-19 outbreak, Africa was on track to more than triple its population this century. While this growth is excellent, it brings enormous air pollution challenges. 

Air pollution is one of the most significant environmental risks to health. The world health organization reckons that reducing air pollution levels can reduce the burden of diseases like stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma.

So, the three months series be about air pollution in Africa. We will investigate different sources of air pollution that include industries, transport – among the issues being - use of used cars often imported from other parts of the world mainly, often of poor quality and fail road-worthiness tests in the exporting countries. The series will also explore urban and agricultural waste, how African cities are at risk of turning into urban heat islands as the population grows and more space is required for the rising urban population and, finally, marine plastic pollution.

Remember, if you are implementing a project in any of these areas, please write to us using info@africaclimateconversations.com or if you have a question or would like to contribute to the series, also feel free to write to us.

Jan 17, 202206:35
A Kenyan school taking the extra mile to raise school fees for its needy students.

A Kenyan school taking the extra mile to raise school fees for its needy students.

A recent report on education by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) shows that 1 in every three families in Kenya and Uganda borrows money for school fees. Meet vulnerable students from Njumbi High school in Murang'a county in central Kenya whose parents cannot afford to raise their school fees since joining the school. 

The school office of the Champlain asked the school managed to allow it to manage the school canteen to help raise the fees that cater to these students' school fees, uniform, pocket money, or logistics to and back from school. What are the challenges the students faced? How does the canteen generate income, and how is the cover-19 pandemic jeopardizing the school's fundraising efforts? And how can you help put a smile on these children this holiday season?

Dec 13, 202109:55
Covid-19 economic impacts, mental health and drug abuse among Kenyan students.

Covid-19 economic impacts, mental health and drug abuse among Kenyan students.

This December, I thought it best to look back into our communities as we approach the holiday season. Today, this episode highlights the economic impacts Covid 19 has had on schools, drug surges, and mental health impacts. 

As of November 2020, the World Bank data shows that the COVID-19 pandemic pushed an estimated two million people into poverty in Kenya. The economic and social disruptions induced by the pandemic would be evident this year during form one student registrations at Njumbi High school. Njumbi High school is located in Murang’a county in Central Kenya, about a two-and-a-half-hour drive from Kenya’s capital city, Nairobi. Fredrick Murage, the principal at the Anglican-sponsored school, says hundreds of parents could not raise fees.  

Murang’a County Executive Committee member in charge of Health Joseph Mbai told Africa Climate Conversations that three people die every week due to substance abuse. Njumbi high school chaplain James Kabiru told the Africa Climate Conversations since last year, during the nine months covid-19 school break, the school has observed a surge in drug and substance abuse among students. 

Dec 06, 202107:53
Climate Finance must be distributed in a Gender responsive way.

Climate Finance must be distributed in a Gender responsive way.

Annually, nearly 20 million people leave their homes due to climate-induced displacement, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 80 percent of those displaced are women and girls

Women are key agents of change, but education is vital in developing required leadership traits. During the Gender Day celebrated during the just-concluded UN climate summit (COP26), the need to make climate finance more gender-responsive was noted as key. 

In today's episode, Camille Quénard, a gender expert specializing in Africa's climate change sector for a multilateral development bank, talks about the links between gender and climate change.

Quénard has previously worked in Europe, North and South America for diverse international organizations to defend women's rights, including in refugee/displacement contexts, and explains how best financing and climate finance can be made more gender-responsive. 

Have a listen.


Nov 29, 202113:27
African Scientist take on the Glasgow Climate pact.

African Scientist take on the Glasgow Climate pact.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) latest report on global warming clearly shows that human influence is responsible for warming the atmosphere. In today's conversation, Africa Climate Conversations ask Dr. Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla, the AIMS-Canada Research Chair in Climate Change Science at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Rwanda, if the pledges made at the just concluded 26th UN summit on climate change (COP26) in Glasgow lead to reduced warming.

One hundred four countries, among them the United States of America and the European Union, pledged to cut their methane emissions by 30 percent by 2030. Africa is pushing to exploit its natural gas as a baseload to catalyze uptake of renewable energy. Bamba Sylla, an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group 1 lead author, also expounds on why methane emissions are critical if the world is to stay within the Paris agreement temperatures goals? At Glasgow, the scientific community said that the largest emitters must reduce their emissions by a factor of 30, and the developing nations can increase their emission by factor three for the world to stay within the global carbon budget in a fairway. Can Africa eat fairly, meet its development agenda without emitting too many emissions into the atmosphere.

Nov 23, 202113:13
It's time for the African Union to lead Climate Negotiations for Africa, says Climate Negotiator.

It's time for the African Union to lead Climate Negotiations for Africa, says Climate Negotiator.

Africa is the most vulnerable to climate change and among the most impacted by climate change. Under the international climate negotiations, the continent negotiates as a group under the African Group of negotiators (AGN) on climate change.

However, 33 African countries are classified as Least Developed Countries (LDC). The countries negotiate under the LDC negotiating stream under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process.

Since Paris, during the 21st UN climate conference under the President of the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21) Laurent Fabius, Africa was promised that its special needs and circumstances agenda would be considered.

Kamal Djemouai, an independent climate change consultant and adviser to the AGN, told the Africa Climate Conversations that the agenda still deliberated under informal presidency instead of formal negotiations will not lead to any outcome.

"It will be difficult to get the agenda recognised despite being among the most important agenda for Africa, but it's being used as a tactic to ensure Africa is flexible on other outcomes," says Kamal. 

Djemouai says it is time the African Union lead climate negotiations for Africa and become a UNFCCC and Paris Agreement Party.

"The continent's position is side-lined on the final decisions taken at the UN conferences on climate change. African ministers need supporting and strengthening at the highest political level by the heads of states at the African Union level to ensure balance in negotiations."

Despite the loss, what did Africa achieve at Glasgow? 

Nov 15, 202141:34
COP26: Where are we on Climate finance and NDC timeframes?

COP26: Where are we on Climate finance and NDC timeframes?

For the world to achieve the Paris agreement goals, climate finance which has been a contentious issue under climate negotiations, is critical. Also, implementing national commitments or NDC's is essential. Negotiators have been discussing long-term finance and the common time frame by which NDC's communicated by countries must be implemented.

Today, Ambassador Mohamed Nasr, a former African Group of Negotiators Chair, and the current lead negotiator on finance explains where negotiations are on finance. Later on, Kassim Gawusu Toure, a climate activist and a junior negotiator with the AGN, will explain what common time frames are under NDC's, what Africa is pushing for, and why.

Nov 09, 202125:08
Adaptation facing Resistance at Glasgow.

Adaptation facing Resistance at Glasgow.

Africa is the continent most vulnerable to climate extremes. The IPCC six assessment report (AR6) confirms the continent warms faster than the global average over both land and oceans. From experiencing the hottest weather in Egypt this August that has occurred in the last 50 years to cyclones and heavy rains that resulted in higher-than-normal vegetation growth providing ideal conditions for desert locusts in the horn of Africa. 

Unfortunately, Mariam Allam, the Adviser to the African Group of Negotiators on Climate Change (AGN) on Adaptation and a member of the UNFCCC Adaptation Committee, told the Africa Climate Conversations Podcast that Adaptation that has consistently lagged is being undermined at Glasgow.

UN Environment's latest Emissions Gap Report finds new and updated Nationally Determined Contributions promises for 2030 put the world on track for a temperature rise this century of at least 2.7°C. 

Mariam says even a 1.5°C warming will have tremendous impacts on people, ecosystems, economies. Why is Adaptation critical? Why is it being undermined? What's Africa's plan on ensuring that the continent is protected by the end of the 26th UN Climate summit - COP26?

Nov 02, 202127:17
Africa at COP26: Our Position

Africa at COP26: Our Position

Covid 19 has already demonstrated the availability of funds when a crisis occurs. Unfortunately, a report by nature shows that when it comes to providing finance for the climate crisis twelve years since Copenhagen, when developed countries promised to make available USD 100 billion annually for poor counties to address the climate crisis, it is clear - we are not yet there. However, a September OECD assessment of progress report indicates that developed countries provided and mobilised USD 79.6 billion in 2019. The goal was to have been met the USD 100 billion mark annually in 2020 and to be sustained to 2025. 

The African Group of Negotiators (AGN) on Climate Change Ambassador Seyni Nafo says Africa has a better understanding of the financial resources the continent requires to build its resilience barely a week before the 26th UN Climate summit at Glasgow. Will Africa manage to push for a new post-2020 climate finance plan?

African countries have shown their commitment to the Paris agreement by submitting Nationally Determined Contributions requiring USD 3trillion to implement. But at COP26, will developing countries raise their ambitions on promises and providing finance? How do developing countries ensure accountability and actions from their rich nations counterparts?

Climate change impacts are becoming frequent and severe. In September, due to rising temperatures, Madagascar suffered a climate change-induced famine as it experienced its worst drought in 40 years. The disaster is the beginning of severe ones as world temperatures rise; who pays for the loss and damage caused by climate change? What is the African position on the Warsaw Loss and Damage mechanism, carbon markets under article 6, and adaptation? With most African delegates expected not to attend COP26 due to financial constraints, Covid19b restrictions, among other issues, how will the few delegates ensure the African voices are heard? Would you or your institution like to contribute scientifically to the negotiations, listen to Ambassador Nafo on how you can get in touch with the negotiators. 

Oct 26, 202145:30
Raise your NDCs ambitions: Africa's key ask to developed countries.

Raise your NDCs ambitions: Africa's key ask to developed countries.

The climate emergency is worsening. The world has witnessed record-high temperatures, widespread wildfires, and increasingly unpredictable floods and droughts. IPCC report on climate science is unequivocal; human activity is to blame. The report reinforced the absolute urgency of closing the 2030 emissions gap if the world limits warming to 1.5°C. 

The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are countries' commitment stipulating how countries plans on cutting their emissions in half by 2030 and reaching net zero by 2050. Hence, NDCs are vital in achieving the Paris goal. The Paris goals aim to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. However, 

Today, we talked to Mr. Gebru Jember from the Global Green Growth Institute and a former Least Developed Country (LDC) chair. Jember says even if all African nations implemented their NDCs, without developed nations – responsible for historical emissions - raising their ambitions, the world would not amount to much temperature reduction. 

But, what role do the developing nations also have? 

Oct 19, 202136:18
Paris Agreement: Why Africa needs its special needs recognised.

Paris Agreement: Why Africa needs its special needs recognised.

The Kyoto protocol recognised Africa for its vulnerability to climate change. But under the Paris agreement, Africa lost that recognition. The African Group of Negotiators on Climate Change (AGN) says Africa's special needs and circumstances need reinstating.  Home to 17 percent of the global population, Africa contributes less than four percent of global emissions and is the most vulnerable continent to climate change. Already experiencing 1.8 degrees warming - according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the AGN reports show adapting to climate change is already costing the continent between three and nine percent of their annual GDP.

Unfortunately, the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) - some of the most vulnerable to climate change – opposed the motion during the 25th UN Climate change meeting in Madrid, Spain. Interestingly, 33 African countries are recognized as LDC's. 

Today Kamal Djemouai, an independent climate change consultant and adviser to the AGN, tells us why Africa needs its special needs and circumstances recognized under the Paris agreement. COP26 - the annual UN climate change meeting occurs between 31 October and 12 November in Glasgow, Scotland.

Listen to the previous episode on the history of climate change negotiations and what shapes negotiations for the continent at COP26.

Oct 12, 202130:50
Climate Change Negotiations: The History.

Climate Change Negotiations: The History.

This episode marks the beginning of building momentum to the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference also known as COP26. 

We start by contextualizing the current climate change negotiations by looking back to where it originated and how it has evolved. To walk us through that journey, I am joined by a James Murombedzi, a climate change policy and governance expert. COP26 is scheduled in the city of Glasgow, Scotland between 31 October and 12 November 2021. 

Have a listen and please send your contribution to info@africaclimateconversations.com or through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. We are on socials as Africa climate conversations. The series runs through October to November 2021. 

Oct 05, 202143:49
The Journey to COP26: Building Momentum

The Journey to COP26: Building Momentum

The 26th annual UN climate conference will occur between 31 October and 12 November this year in Glasgow, Scotland.

Did you know that the climate journey did not start at COP21 with the Paris agreement in 2015? In June 1972, the first world conference to make the environment a critical issue was held in Stockholm, Sweden. That is the United Nations Conference on the Environment.

Twenty years later, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in June 1992. 

Among the five global agreements signed then was the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC).

In this series, expected to run through October to November, we will discuss the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), African push for recognition for their special needs and circumstances, just transition, Africa’s position at COP26. Critical issues for the continent include finance, adaptation, loss, and damage, among others. 

Please, remember to interact with us via email info@africaclimateconversations.com, our social media pages - Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, or leave us a comment on our website

Sep 28, 202107:47
Green Recovery: Why invest in Africa?

Green Recovery: Why invest in Africa?

Africa representing over 17 percent of the world population, is responsible for less than four percent of global emissions. But the continent has significant assets in terms of carbon sinks. Jean-Paul Adam, the director for Technology, Climate Change, and Natural Resources at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), says the Congo basin alone accounts for three years’ worth of global emissions in its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.

Africa’s agenda 2063 aims at industrializing the continent. But given the temperature rise globally, the continent has to develop but in a low carbon way. Hence, the continent might require some more time to transition from fossil fuel-based energy to low carbon pathways. Why is Just transition critical for the continent now?

Listen to how Africa can build better given the Covid-19 and Climate Change twin challenge.

Finance is key to unlocking sustainable development. In Africa, climate change is about development and providing sustainable pathways for people to have viable livelihoods.

But, Adam says it costs African countries about five to six times more to borrow money for investment in a green recovery. How can nations raise funds to upscale the amount of money available to invest in their climate resilience? What opportunities exist through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) for sustainable value chains?

Last week on 13-17th September in Cabo Verde island, the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) organized the Ninth Conference on Climate Change and Development in Africa (CCDA-IX), themed - towards a just transition that delivers jobs, prosperity and climate resilience in Africa - leveraging the green and blue economy.”

So, on this episode, Adam explains how Africa is financing her green and blue economy, why a just transition is critical when climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic are hard-hitting economies, and why investing in growing economies like Africa is key for global recovery.

Sep 21, 202134:47
Meet a Kenyan Primary school equipping children with green skills.

Meet a Kenyan Primary school equipping children with green skills.

A 2021 report Climate Crisis Is a Child Rights Crisis by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) notes that today's children and young people face an uncertain future because of the impacts of climate change.

Globally, almost every child on earth is exposed to at least one climate and environmental hazard, shock, or stress such as heatwaves, cyclones, air pollution, flooding, and water scarcity. Creating an incredibly challenging environment for children to live, play, and thrive.

In Africa, young people living in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau are the most at risk.

In Kenya's Gikambura Primary school, Located in Kikuyu sub-county, Kiambu County, an environmental patron Mr. Paul Njoroge is equipping pupils with green skills. Skills critical for their adaptation to future impacts of climate change. How did the school's sustainability journey begin, what are the benefits the school has seen? Listen to today's episode.

Sep 14, 202114:29
Children, Climate Change, and Biodiversity Protection

Children, Climate Change, and Biodiversity Protection

This week, we are talking about empowering children to conserve biodiversity and the environment. It is what Miti Alliance has been doing for the last nine years.

Miti Alliance is a social enterprise focusing on planting and growing trees across schools, forests, communities aimed at planting five million trees by 2025

In 2020, the Miti alliance worked with 71 Schools, planted 50 kitchen gardens, trained 80 youths & women, and planted 10200 tree seedlings via the Miti Schools program, and distributed 81000 seed balls.

Miti Alliance teaches children to plant and grow trees in their schools. In addition, they are collecting indigenous forest knowledge from the older generation and literature and passing it on to these younger generations.

The knowledge seeds planted in these children today become the trees that hold tomorrow’s ecosystem in a world warming fastest every decade due to human activities such as deforestation, coal production, land-use change, among others.

Already the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report warns that there is no time left as the world has warmed exponentially due to human activities.

I caught up with founder Michael Waiyaki the Miti Alliance founder at Gikambura primary school in Kenya's Kiambu County. He has been working with the pupils and teachers to set up a drip-irrigated kitchen garden.

Listen to Waiyaki telling us how the Miti alliance works with schools.

Sep 07, 202121:28
Can charcoal production be sustainable?
Aug 31, 202113:33
Kenyan entrepreneur turned to Greener Charcoal to save her poultry.
Aug 24, 202109:49
IPCC Climate Report, Africa has no time left!

IPCC Climate Report, Africa has no time left!

Human activities have warmed the climate at an exceptional rate as per the latest UN’s climate science report on the physical changes globally and expected to occur.

The report on the physical science basis is the first outline of the three expected for the sixth assessment report.

Publication of the second and third reports looking at how to adapt to these impacts and prevent the worst-case scenarios are expected early next year.

What does this report mean for Africa?

Aug 17, 202116:14
Kenyan youths transforms a top crime landfill hotspot into a green space.

Kenyan youths transforms a top crime landfill hotspot into a green space.

Korogocho is one of the largest slums neighbourhood’s northeast of Kenya’s city center. It is home to nearly 200,000 people. We are precisely at the Canaan bridge where the Nairobi river separates Korogocho slums and Dandora suburbs, home to Nairobi's main dumping ground – the dandora dumping site.

Here, a group of youths known as Komb Green Solutions has reclaimed a landfill by the Nairobi River. A recreational park now occupies the park transforming the bridge once known as a crime hotspot to Korogocho haven where the community finds rest. The park is her children's official playground and acrobatics practice centre.

The park was transformed from a landfill by Komb green solutions – a community-based organization based in Korogocho started in 2017 by youths' former criminals and commercial sex workers, seven men and three women. The park is providing space for teenagers practising acrobatic skills, how is this protecting early pregnancies? Are there other achievements the youth have achieved? What are the challenges they face? whats the future? 

Aug 10, 202118:15
Meet Kenyan farmer rearing fish and black soldier fly using the smallest available space.

Meet Kenyan farmer rearing fish and black soldier fly using the smallest available space.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) says that the world population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion by 2050. Further, by 2050, in every five children born, two will be born in Africa

Already, the rate of urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa is unmatched compared to the rest of the world. The urban population is expected to nearly triple to 1.34 billion people by 2050. 

Population increase means rising demand for food and increased pressure on natural resources such as land by which we grow food.

In Kenya, John Mwaura Kiriko, a businessperson from Kikuyu town about 20 kilometres from Nairobi city, is growing fish in a greenhouse and rearing black soldier fly larvae to feed his fish protein alternative.

The technology occupies about 30by15 feets land for each greenhouse. Mwaura has built two greenhouses where he is rearing about 5500 fish and tons of larvae. 

Mwaura uses the raised pond technology to construct ponds using timber placed on the ground and lined with dam liners. Kamau says the greenhouse farming raised pond technology is ideal for producing food for rising populations using the smallest available land.

Sourced from Ecodudu – a waste-to-value company in Kenya, Black Soldier Flies (BSF) have transformed the waste into high-quality protein in the larvae stage. Used as alternative protein additives in animal feed.

The eggs laid by the Black Soldier Flies are grown in greenhouse conditions within 21 days after which it's harvested.

Mwaura has switched from horticulture for export business he has practiced for years to fish and larva farming. Why is the greenhouse farming raised pond technology ideal for producing food for rising populations using the smallest available land?

Jul 27, 202115:25
Saving Kenya's capital city water source, the Ondiri Wetland

Saving Kenya's capital city water source, the Ondiri Wetland

In 2016, the Nyongara River flowing out of the Ondiri Wetland in Kikuyu town, Kenya about 20 kilometres from Nairobi city, nearly dried up.

Raw sewerage from Kikuyu town drained at the Wetland. Forty-four greenhouse farms around the wetland abstracted water unregulated. Additionally, solid waste dumpsters had found a new dumping site.

Fodder harvesters harvested grass around the Wetland, burning the area during the dry season, killing birds nesting and their young ones while destroying other Flora and Fauna.Friends of Ondiri wetland Kenya, rallied communities and farmers around Wetland. Faith-based organisations, civil societies, the business community, and institutions like schools are creating awareness on the importance of the Wetland, the risks the pollution was causing, and how they could commonly protect it.

Wetlands are one of the world's most important environmental assets, existing on all continents. Wetlands are protected under the Ramsar Convention - an intergovernmental treaty providing the framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources that came into force in 1975.

They are critical to groundwater recharge, carbon intake from the industrial, vehicle, and other pollution making the world warmer, and help reduce storm and flooding damages.

Between 1970-2015 the world lost approximately 35% of the world's wetlands, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN's state of wetlands report. Majorly due to climate change, population increase, urbanisation of coastal zones and river deltas, and changing consumption patterns.

What is the status of Kenya's Ondiri Wetland now?

Jul 20, 202117:26
Waters of hope awakens the fish business at Uganda's Lake Edward.

Waters of hope awakens the fish business at Uganda's Lake Edward.

We are at the Rwenshama fish landing site in Uganda at the shores of Lake Edward, one of the smallest African Great Rift lakes lying in the Western Rift Valley. Shared between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda

Though existed since the '50s, there has not been a toilet or clean water. Fishers and traders defecated at the wetland next to the lake. Fish was actioned on a carpet laid on bare soil and sold off without cleaning. 

Fishing was unregulated. Over-fishing, inappropriate gear and methods, pollution, and land degradation saw fish stocks dwindle over time. As a result, the conflict between DRC and Uganda fishers grew as demand for dwindling stocks increased.  

But two years ago, an $8.1Million grant from the Global Environmental Facility to the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP) led to the construction of modern fish landing facilities. One in Uganda and two in DRC.  

NELSAP, through the Lakes Edward and Albert Integrated Management of Fisheries and Water Resources Management Project (LEAF II), constructed the fish handling facilities equipped with clean water, toilets, and fisheries offices. DRC has incorporated fish cooling facilities and a modern market on their facilities. Additionally, fishing regulations were introduced not just in Uganda but in DRC as well. Only licensed fishers from both countries can fish with local fishing nets. 

How improved sanitation and fish regulation has improved the fishing communities' lives? Has the fishing conflict reduced? 

Jul 13, 202114:14
Eating wild fruits, protecting Niger’s indigenous landscapes.

Eating wild fruits, protecting Niger’s indigenous landscapes.

A 17-year-old secondary school student from Niger's 2nd largest city Zinder Faiza Habou and her mother earn a living out of cracking nuts and pounding wild fruits on contract under the Sahara Sahel foods.

"These fruits were a delicacy back in the village while growing up. My mother worked as a house help to feed and educate our family of 12 children until the packaging of the wild fruits started in 2014," Habou told the Africa Climate Conversations. "Cracking the wild fruits has enabled us to go to school, afford daily bread. Someday, I dream of becoming a judge"

Habou is among 1500 rural smallholders farmers — 80% women and youths from 70 villages from the south-central and southern-eastern Niger. They harvest or crack wild fruits contracted by the Sahara Sahel Foods.

Josef Garvi, the executive director at Sahara Sahel Foods, told the Africa Climate Conversations Podcast that Sahara Sahel Foods had produced 60 food products based on 19 different native tree species. The fruit's trees include tamarind, hamza, Marula, jujube, desert dates, baobab, Sahel raisin, Christ thorn, Doum palm fruits, and the Black prune.

The processed edible fruits and powder are sold in supermarkets in Niger; some are exported to neighboring countries like Nigeria, Benin, or Burkina Faso, while the desert date oil is shipped to the United Kingdom.

Listen to other podcast episodes here.

The Sahara Sahel Foods works together with Rewild. Earth a research institution to train fruit collectors on tree propagation techniques.

Garvi says the revision of forestry and agroforestry policies recognizing Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) has allowed farmers to own trees on farms encouraging them to incorporate trees alongside millet, sorghum ad groundnuts.

In the past 25 years, the international food policy research institute notes that the Niger republic has rehabilitated over 10 million hectares of bare land.

Mieke Bourne, the Regreening Africa Programme Manager at the World Agroforestry, told the Africa Climate Conversations Podcast that creating value for the food products improves the value of the wild fruits, a catalyst for protecting these indigenous people landscapes.

Jul 07, 202120:16
Environmental Solutions Trailer

Environmental Solutions Trailer

From 06th July, we are starting a new series highlighting environmental solutions. 

We will go to the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo along Lake Edward one of the smaller African Great Lakes shared by these two countries. We will find out how a new fish landing site equipped with water and sanitary facilities is changing fishers’ lives who defecated in the nearby bush for years, sold fish straight from the lake without cleaning it due to lack of clean water.

After that, travel to the Niger West of Africa. In the second biggest city of Zinder. We meet communities earning a living from harvesting, pounding and selling wild fruits. How are these communities allowing natural regeneration of the wild fruits on their farms, contributing to the greening of the Sahel while improving their livelihoods? What wild fruits are there?

Listen to previous episodes series here

Before returning to Nairobi and Cape Town, South Africa looking into greening cities as the population grow, and skyscrapers take up every available space. Why are these green spaces essential? How are they improving lives among youths in these cities?

Are you implementing an environmental solution on the ground within Africa that you would like featured in this series? Please write to us using info@africaclimateconversations.com

Jun 29, 202104:08
How to sustainably practise pastoralists in the age of climate change.

How to sustainably practise pastoralists in the age of climate change.

Jun 22, 202143:27
Listen to our voices while restoring degraded lands, says African youths.

Listen to our voices while restoring degraded lands, says African youths.

70 percent of GLF Africa participants were aged between 18 to 35 making up 3000 of the 7000 registered participants. Cities Alliance, a global partnership fighting urban poverty and promoting the role of cities, notes that almost 60 percent of Africa's more than 1 billion people are under the age of 25, making Africa the world's youngest continent.

The youth are a massive resource. The youth are technologically astute with a capacity to deal with technology compared to other age groups. They are more invested in sustainable means of Restoration and adaptation as climate change impacts their current and future livelihoods. But are they fully engaged? Do they have access to means of implementation? Do they have access to mentorship?

"Let us not look at land just as space needed to build houses and grow food but as open safe spaces where young people can meet and share innovative ideas" Diana Kyalo, a land right activists, founder, and writer at Land Pages told the Africa Climate Conversations. Amina Aden, a Research scientist at the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) currently, the only female forestry researcher in North Eastern Kenya, says the youths are not participating in critical decision-making processes. Aden believes involving youth and women would provide a mentorship ground and allow them to share their input.

This episode is part of the Restoration of the African Dryland series is a six-part series on the Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) Africa Digital Conference led by the Center for the International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), in collaboration with its co-founders UNEP, the World Bank, and its Charter Members.

Jun 15, 202138:51
Restoring African drylands: What's next?

Restoring African drylands: What's next?

Today Salina Abraham, the Global Landscape Forum strategic adviser joins me as we investigate what was achieved last week during the conference. In this conversation in we talk about the critical issues of finance. How do Africa finance dryland restoration this decade now identified as the UN decade of restoration? How best can Africa take advantage of its massive population of robust youth, among many other issues.

Are you aged between 18 and 35 years old and have initiated a restoration project in forests, mountains, oceans, peatlands/wetlands, and drylands/rangelands ecosystems? Then this opportunity is for you. Also, would you like to foster regular gatherings of like-minded stakeholders to accelerate restoration activities within their landscapes? Check out this opportunity.

The Restoration of the African Dryland series is a six-part series on the upcoming Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) Africa Digital Conferenceled by the Center for the International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). In collaboration with its co-founders UNEP and the World Bank and Charter Members.The GLF 2021 Conference will be happening online tomorrow the 2nd and 3rd of June this year.

Jun 09, 202130:05
Why is GLF Africa 2021 critical to African drylands now?

Why is GLF Africa 2021 critical to African drylands now?

The Global Landscape Forum Africa 2021 kicks off tomorrow, the 2nd June, for two days. The digital conference dubbed “Restoring Africa’s Drylands - Accelerating Action on the Ground” will be 2021’s only conference on drylands restoration. The conference will play an essential role in identifying knowledge gaps while seeking solutions to the challenging issues facing drylands and the people that live in them.

Why is this conference critical for the African drylands now? What is being done on the ground to accelerate their protection and restoration?

Africa climate conversations podcast posed this question to the Regreening Africa-CIFOR-ICRAF’s program manager, Mieke Bourne, Dr. Mary Njenga, a bioenergy research scientist at World Agroforestry, Dr. Agnes Kalibata), the President of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), Fatou Jeng the Clean Earth Gambia founder and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), ecosystems principal researcher Chris Dickens. 

As you listen to today’s episode, Click here to register incase you haven't registered for the GLF Africa 2021 Conference.

The Restoration of the African Dryland series is a six-part series on the upcoming Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) Africa Digital Conference led by the Center for the International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). In collaboration with its co-founders UNEP and the World Bank and Charter Members. The GLF 2021 Conference will be happening online tomorrow the 2nd and 3rd of June this year.

Jun 01, 202128:42
Ambitious African Forest restoration: What is the progress?

Ambitious African Forest restoration: What is the progress?

Every year, research by the World Resources Institute WRI indicates that Africa losses nearly 3 million hectares of forests. The continents 65% of the land is affected by degradation, and three percent of GDP is lost annually from soil and nutrient depletion on cropland.

To tackle the high rates of degradation, African countries, after the Paris agreement, pledges to restore 100 million hectares on land by 2030 under the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100)

Listen to previous episodes on the restoring drylands series

Today, Bernadette Arakwiye, a research associate at the WRI Africa Forest Program, says 31 African countries have pledged to restore 128 million hectares of forests by 2030. Four million hectares are currently under Restoration across the 31 countries.

AFR100 is A country-led effort contributes to the Bonn Challenge, the African Resilient Landscapes Initiative (ARLI), the African Union Agenda 2063, the Sustainable Development Goals, among other targets.

As you listen to today’s episode, remember the GLF Africa 2021 Conference happens online on the 2nd and 3rd of June this year. Click here to register.

The Restoration of the African Dryland series is a six-part series on the upcoming Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) Africa Digital Conference led by the Center for the International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). In collaboration with its co-founders UNEP and the World Bank and Charter Members. The GLF 2021 Conference will be happening online on the 2nd and 3rd of June this year.

May 25, 202130:56
Solar-powered boreholes liberate Zambia's Kafue Basin from wild fruits.

Solar-powered boreholes liberate Zambia's Kafue Basin from wild fruits.

In 2014, the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF) under the Climate Investment Fund (CIF) funded the Strengthening climate resilience project in the Kafue sub-Basin in Zambia. Engineer Indie Dinala, the project manager, told Africa Climate Conversations that farmers in the Kafue sub-basin would depend on wild fruits and wild tubers during drought. 

But today, the USD 38 million projects have introduced, among other measures - solar-powered irrigation projects enabling farmers to farm even during drought seasons. In addition, a climate-proofed road was built to enable private sectors to reach and buy farm products from the communities' farms. Thus, the adaptation measures have only created resilience but also improved nutrition and livelihoods.

This Episode is part of financing change in Africa series made possible by a collaboration between  the continent’s premier development finance institution – the African Development Bank Group, the Climate Investment funds and the Africa Climate Conversations. 

May 20, 202140:53
Local people critical in restoration of African drylands.

Local people critical in restoration of African drylands.

African drylands are home to more than half a billion people who live and work in the drylands.

“We need to rethink restoration within the dryland. The voice of the people must be part of the design, implementation, and the monitoring process,” Lalisa Duguma, a scientist with the World Agroforestry, told the Africa Climate conversations. “Restoring drylands is not a walk in the park. It needs a very strong commitments, skillsets, understanding the social-cultural complexity existing in those location.”

Listen to the series trailer here

Who defines what is degraded? As you listen to today’s episode, remember the GLF Africa 2021 Conference happens online on the 2nd and 3rd of June this year. Click here to register.

The Restoration of the African Dryland series is a six-part series on the upcoming Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) Africa Digital Conference led by the Center for the International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). In collaboration with its co-founders UNEP and the World Bank and Charter Members. The GLF 2021 Conference will be happening online on the 2nd and 3rd of June this year.

Photo by CIFOR

May 18, 202143:36
Energy Shift: How can Africa ensure a just transition?

Energy Shift: How can Africa ensure a just transition?

Today on the Financing change in Africa series we are asking ourselves how Africa can balance between its development plans and emission reduction, given that over 600 million people in Africa do not have access to electricity.

In 2019, the United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources (UNU-INRA) report on Africa’s stranded assets warned that Africa must forego burning 90percent of known coal reserves, 34percent of gas, and 26percent of oil. So, the question is, how can Africa avoid stranded assets, stranded workers, and stranded communities as the continent implements the Paris agreement and develop?

But countries like South Africa have had one of the most advanced national dialogues on just transitions. South Africa was the only country to mention a just transition in its initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015. What can African countries learn from South Africa, a country with longstanding coal dependence and a high unemployment rate?

May 13, 202131:31
Restoration of the African Drylands Series Trailer

Restoration of the African Drylands Series Trailer

The Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) Africa Conference Digital 2021 conference will be happening on the 2nd and 3rd of June this year. It is the first-ever digital conference focused entirely on Africa's drylands and how integrative restoration practices can see them flourish once again. The meeting takes place when the world is still finding means to cope with the global pandemic, already impacting restoration.

The series will tell you why the African drylands home to half a million people and over two million globally are critical. It will also explore solutions such as the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100) bringing 100 million hectares of land in Africa into restoration by 2030, contributing to the restoration of these drylands. The 8,000 km Great Green Wall is stretching from Senegal to Djibouti, bringing life back to Africa's degraded landscapes, aimed at providing food security and jobs for the millions who live along its path. 

You will hear more about the upcoming GLF 2021 conference and the UN Decade on Ecosystem restoration, to be launched just after the GLF conference running from 2021 to 2030.

May 11, 202111:51
Energy access: why women are catalysts for change.

Energy access: why women are catalysts for change.

Climate change impacts men and women differently. When the COVID-19 pandemic has led to income losses increasing the poverty burden in many countries, Sheila Oparaocha, the ENERGIA International Coordinator and Programme manager tell us why access to energy is critical for women to achieve the SDG goals. Anne Kuriakose, a senior social development specialist at the climate investment funds, explains the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) pursuing gender equality goals in its work supporting climate-resilient, low-carbon development investments on the continent?

May 06, 202137:49
It's a wrap for the climate change impacts on mental health series.

It's a wrap for the climate change impacts on mental health series.

Mental health is not often directly linked to climate change.

But let's be honest, temperatures are rising, floods, droughts, heatwaves, bush fires, rising sea levels are getting real and affecting real people. Their livelihoods and day-to-day quality of life is adversely affected. Not to mention the Covid-19 pandemics and high cost of living which adds on to the economy and mental effects.

In Kenya, last year, the Kenya National Mental Health Task Force recommended to the government to declare mental health an emergency in Kenya. The task force report identified climate change and its effects among things associated with the rising depression, suicide, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders in Kenya.

The task force found out that one in every two Kenyans suffers from a mental health condition. It also indicated that at least 25 percent of outpatients and 40percent of inpatients in different health facilities had mental illnesses at the time of the study. The Centre for Disease Control and prevention ranks mental health and substance abuse as number five among the leading causes of death in Kenya.

But despite the high numbers, Kenya has only 71 psychiatrists serving a population of nearly 50million people. A majority are in private practice, according to the Kenya Health Workforce report. Currently, 75percent of Kenyans cannot access mental health care, according to the task force.

Image by chenspec from Pixabay

May 04, 202133:18
Restoring Critical African forests

Restoring Critical African forests

Africa forest cover accounts for 23 percent of its planned area. Africa is also home to the most significant proportion of forest-dependent subsistence households globally. More than half of the continent's population relies directly or indirectly on the forests for livelihoods.

Ines Angulo, the Forest Investment Project (FIP) coordinator at the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), says Africa is the continent with the highest annual rate of net forest loss at 3.9M hectares in the last decade. The forest loss has been increasing steadily since 1990. How is the FIP project working with African countries to manage forest loss and provide suitable livelihoods to communities dependent on them?

In Ghana, the Global forest watch indicates that Ghana's forests once covered a third of its 24-million-hectare landmass. In 2020, the country lost 136kh of its natural forest, equivalent to over 30 million tons of CO₂ emissions. The Forest Investment Project Ghana has been working with local communities and stakeholders to reduce deforestation while ensuring forest-dependent communities benefits from the natural resource.

Valerie Fumey Nassah, the manager for the plantation unit at the Forestry Commission of Ghana, also talks about the project achievements and lessons learned.

Apr 29, 202138:03
Building resilience in Africa

Building resilience in Africa

Africa accounts for total funding of 300 million USD of the The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience. The pilot project for climate resilience is a USD1.2 billion adaptation funding window of the climate investment funds under the Strategic Climate Fund.

Lorie Rufo, the project coordinator of the, says the adaption funds worked with Mozambique, Niger, and Zambia, among other countries, to build community resilience. The fund has also supported Ethiopia, the Gambia, Madagascar, Malawi, and Uganda to prepared their climate-resilient investment plans. What are the results?

Mozambique is Africa's second most threatened country by climate change after Madagascar. The country benefitted from the climate resilience funding for its Sustainable Land & Water Resources Management Project. Cesar Tique, the agriculture, rural development, and climate change specialist at the African Development Bank in Mozambique, tells us how the project has helped build community resilience.

Apr 22, 202138:02
Conservation research, not a priority for Kenyans says, Senior Warden

Conservation research, not a priority for Kenyans says, Senior Warden

Located in the Rift Valley, Lake Bogoria National Reserve is a stunning place. It is adorned by a pink cloud of flamingos and geysers bubbling with the most spectacular hot water volcanic springs. But unfortunately, James Kimaru, the Lake Bogoria National Reserve Senior warden, told the Africa Climate Conversations that the lake has increased by more than 10 kilometres, and 90 percent of these hot springs are underwater. 

“With the rising temperatures resulting to enhanced rains the alkaline Lake Bogoria, fresh water lakes Baringo and Lake 94 might merge resulting to a massive biodiversity loss as a result. Kenyan’s lack of interest in research for low financial allocation on conservation research,” Kimaru warned.

Annually the lake earns Kenya between Kshs70-80 million, but visits have reduced by over 95 percent over the last year. But despite its tourist attraction and revenue generation Kimaru says only five percent of the Baringo county - home to three flooded rift valley lakes budget goes to conservation research.

“A lot of research has been conducted in terms of water quality, inflow rates and soil texture but none has ever been done on the lake’s level increase. The phenomenon has not been experienced,” Kimaru told the Africa Climate conversations.

Apr 20, 202136:11
Geothermal Energy: a high risk but worthy investment

Geothermal Energy: a high risk but worthy investment

Today we are talking about the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program in Low-Income Countries (SREP) funded by the Strategic Climate Fund. the Strategic Climate Fund is one of the two Climate Investment Funds (CIF). The funds are channelled through five multilateral development banks. SREP has been financing the scaled-up deployment of renewable energy solutions aimed at increasing energy access and economic opportunities.

Covid-19 has impacted energy consumption in Kenya. Paul Ngugi, the Geothermal Development Company regional manager, says with almost 2800 MW installed capacity available to the consumers, a peak demand of nearly 2000 MW. With many power plants ready for commissioning, Kenya is producing more energy than it can use. Despite the home user’s connectivity increasing, there is a need for the county to expand in energy demand and invest in more energy users, preferably industrial users.

Later, in the show, Paul Ngugi, the Geothermal Development company regional manager, will tell us about geothermal explorations in Kenya and the 1600 MW Menengai Geothermal Project, funded by SREP.

Apr 15, 202143:22
Climate-related loss and damage: Who pays?

Climate-related loss and damage: Who pays?

In Kenya’s Baringo County 22 schools have either been wholly submerged or destroyed following the swelling of Lakes Baringo, Bogoria, and lake 94. Jacob Chepkwony, the Baringo County deputy governor, says the county requires nearly 550 million shillings that is nearly a 4.5million US dollar for the education sector to recover.

Chepkwony says the administration challenge now is balancing resettling the displaced and achieving the development goals the administration has set to achieve. But for a continent responsible for about four percent of the global emissions, and heavily susceptible to rising temperatures, who pays for these disasters in the future?

Apr 13, 202124:30
Giant Solar plant lighting up Morocco from the desert

Giant Solar plant lighting up Morocco from the desert

Today for the Financing change in Africa series, we feature the $5.4 billion Clean Technology Fund (CTF). One of two multi-donor trust funds under the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) Danny Morris, the clean energy lead coordinator for the CTF tell us all about the CTF, what is the fund has achieved in Africa and future.

We also talk to Fatima Hamdouch, the Director of Strategic Steering Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) on what us what has led to the success of the largest solar plant globally, lighting up Morocco.

Apr 08, 202144:04
Displaced and forgotten: Kenya's Rift Valley lake's floods a year later.

Displaced and forgotten: Kenya's Rift Valley lake's floods a year later.

Have the persons displaced by the 2020 flooding Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes been forgotten? As Kenya rolls out a Covid-19 vaccination drive amid the country struggling with the third wave, communities displaced by the flooding of Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, and Lake 94 among the swelling Rift Valley Lakes spend a sleepless night. Nearly a year on and with long rains starting, parents staying in tents worry of respiratory illnesses outbreaks. Not to mention the wildlife attacks and uncertainty of the expected enhanced rainfall as the water keeps rising. Have they been forgotten a year later? 

Apr 05, 202122:44
Financing Change in Africa: Where are we?

Financing Change in Africa: Where are we?

The Climate Investment Funds (CIF), a multilateral climate finance mechanism, has been working with the continent's premier financial development institution, the African Development Bank (AfDB) - CIF's implementing entity - renewable financing energy, forestry, and resilience solutions in Africa. Of about $8billion funding, Africa receives one-third of the total funding. In today's conversation, Mafalda Duarte, the Climate Investment Funds CEO, and Gareth Phillips, the climate and environmental finance manager at the AfDB, gives a backgrounder the Climate Investment Funds and the portfolio of work CIF have implemented with the AfDB.

Apr 01, 202138:12
Culture - a panacea to the high mental health treatment gap?
Mar 30, 202136:15