Neuroverse

For our third episode in our "Tools for Looking into the Brain" series, we are joined by Dr. Adil Khan, a neuroscientist and group leader at King's College London, to explore reading and writing patterns into the brain. We discuss the principles of two major tools used to examine and manipulate neural activity, namely two-photon microscopy and optogenetics, and explore how they have been applied to answering questions about the neural basis of flexible cognition and behaviour in the Khan lab.

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In today's episode, we are joined by Professor Tiago Branco, a Principal Investigator and Group Leader at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre at UCL. The Branco lab studies how instinctive decisions are computed from sensory information, and from representations of the world built from experience. In this episode, we discuss what different sorts of approaches (top-down vs bottom-up) you can employ to study the neural basis of behaviour, and how computational models of behaviours can be created and used based on experimental data. Drawing on Professor Branco's extensive experience in the field of neuroscience, we delve into his research past and how it led him to pursue his current focus. We also explore how ethologically relevant naturalistic behaviours can be studied in a lab, and the paradigms that are utilised for this purpose in the context of instinctive defensive behaviours and responses to imminent threat.

Today's episode is about fungi & lichen! We are joined by George Mears, a PhD student at Royal Holloway and Kew Gardens. Having carried out research on the evolutionary impact of the lichen lifestyle on the fungal genome during his Masters, George is currently in the LIDo iCASE PhD program, working under Professor Robin Williams to continue biological research into plant-derived products. In this episode, we discuss the ancient symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi and how lichens have impacted fungi evolution and vice versa.

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In today’s episode we are celebrating women’s day by discussing the current state of women’s reproductive healthcare and research, how much progress has been made and what still needs to be done. We are joined by Professor Sohier Elneil, a UCL Professor and Consultant specialising in Urogynaecology and Uroneurology.  

Professor Elneil completed her PhD at the University of Cambridge in the physiology and pharmacology of sensory bladder dysfunction in women and now runs the neuromodulation programme for bladder and pelvic floor dysfunction at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. As well as actively teaching at University College London, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 

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Welcome back to Neuroverse, this week we bring to you the second episode in our mini-series "Tools for Looking into the Brain", where we explore the diversity of experimental methods used to study the brain's structure and function. In this episode, we discuss the basic principles of fluorescence microscopy and how it can help us understand the brain. We explore how we can make cells of the brain fluorescent in the first place, and the different types of microscopes that are used to visualise and image this fluorescence, from widefield to confocal to 2-photon microscopes! We also discussed the advantages of each microscopy technique, and explored some examples of research studies that have taken advantage of them.

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Happy Valentines day! We hope today you celebrate love in all its shapes and forms.

It is also our Neuroverse 2 year anniversary! What better way to celebrate than to dive deep into Love's effect on the brain, from the neurobiology to the philosophy (Neuroverse style). We discuss how the initial phases of falling in Love activates the same biological pathways as acute stress, causing the classical symptoms of sleeplessness, shortness of breath and longing, as well as how long-term leave and heart-break is manifested in the brain. We also postulate about the epistemology of Love and if Plato was right about the idea of soulmates, based on the myth that Zeus separated four-armed and legged humans, cursed to forever search for their second halves. Or was it Fernando Pessoa that got its right when he said "We never love anyone. What we love is the idea we have of someone. It’s our own concept—our own selves—that we love."

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In today's episode we've answered some of your questions! Topics ranging from academic advice, lab and research environments, personal life choices and more. Tune in to find out the questions asked!

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In today's episode we are joined by Professor Carlos Ribeiro, who is based at the Champalimaud Research Institute in Lisbon. We discuss research in fruit flies (drosophila melanogaster) in the context of neuroscience and metabolism, the benefits of individual animal models in research, and how interdisciplinary approaches are key for the future of science. We also enquire into creativity and what it means to be creative in science, and much more!

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In today's episode, we delve into the complexities of sound. What is sound? Is it defined by what produces it or by what hears it? Is sound purely physical, or is it a construct of our minds? Is the perception of sound comparable to the perception of colour? We discuss these fascinating questions and more, and reflect on what sound means to us!

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In our final episode of 2023, we chat about another full year of Neuroverse- our highlights, favourite episodes, what we've most enjoyed learning about, what major questions and themes have arisen, and what we're excited for to come in 2024! Thank you so much for all your support in the past year.

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We are launching a new mini-series focusing on experimental methods to study the brain! How do we look at and listen to the activity of neurons, populations of neurons, and the whole brain? In this series, we will be exploring the multitude of techniques and recent advances in technologies to study the brain.

To kick of the series, in this episode we discuss patch-clamping, a type of electrophysiological technique that is used to measure the electrical activity and biophysical properties of individual neurons. Drawing on some of our personal experiences, we discuss the uses and challenges of patch-clamp, what we can discover from it, how different variations can offer different insights, and the future of patch-clamp. ---

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In this episode, we are joined by a special guest, Dr. Estella Newcombe, to discuss protein dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders.

Estella is currently a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow at the University of Copenhagen in the structural biology and NMR laboratory, researching intrinsically disordered proteins in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. Estella holds a Bachelor’s degree in Biotechnology and Chemistry from the University of Queensland and a PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from the University of Melbourne, where she studied the interactions and structures of proteins in Huntington’s disease. She subsequently worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Queensland Brain Institute studying the structures of intrinsically disordered proteins. Based on her wide range of experience in the fields of structural protein biology and neuroscience, in this episode we discuss the value of studying human neurodegenerative disorders at the level of protein-protein interactions. We cover what intrinsically disordered proteins are, the relevance of structure-function relationships, and how environmental factors influence protein dysfunction in neurodegeneration.

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In this episode, we were joined by a special guest, Sydney Leaman, to discuss cellular identity and reprogramming cells in the brain. Sydney holds a BSc and MSc in human genetics as well as a medical degree and is currently completing his PhD in translational neurodevelopment at the MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders in King's College London, where he works on reprogramming neuronal identity in the brain. We discuss the motivation behind reprogramming cells, the potential clinical applications for improving regenerative medicine, the challenges that the reprogramming field has faced, the future of reprogramming, and what cellular identity really means. Listen to find out more!

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This week, Carolina & Clara discuss the development of a novel technology- storing data in DNA. As the human population is producing an expontentially growing amount of data every day, it is easy to forget that all of this data also needs to be stored in a physical form. Currently, digital data is largely stored in exabyte centres, large warehouses that require millions of dollars and tons of electricity to maintain. Novel solutions relying on organic materials and biological technologies are therefore necessary for a sustainable approach to data storage. One growing method that is becoming increasingly possible is storing digital binary data in DNA, which is a natural data store that utilises its own unique genetic code. In this episode, we explore the possibility of DNA data storage, the limitations and challenges that need to be overcome, and the future of data.

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This week, Carolina & Clara discuss the theory of Morphic Resonance. First proposed by Rupert Sheldrake in 1981, the theory of Morphic Resonance accounts for the laws of nature as being habits and a form of collective memory that accumulates across time, rather than ground truth upon which all of nature is built upon. In this episode, we discuss the validity of the theory, evaluate the empirical evidence that exists, and explore how it applies to different areas of knowledge and scales of existence. Listen to find out more!

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In this episode, Carolina & Clara discuss synapses in the brain. What are they? What is their function and importance? Where did they originate from? How are they different across evolutionarily distinct species? They also discuss how recent research in comb jellies has brought back to life an age-old debate between Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi about the basis of communication in the brain.

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In today's episode we are thrilled to be joined by Professor Sonja Hofer, Group Leader at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre in UCL. The Hofer Lab researches the neural basis of sensory perception and sensory-guided decision-making. We discuss the latest paper released in her lab, preprint lead by Shohei Furutachi on Prediction Errors and how the brain functions as a prediction machine to help us efficiently navigate the world. We also discuss the new direction her lab is taking on flexible control of fear and anxiety-related behaviour, as well as decision-making, touching on the work carried out by the collaborative International Brain Lab. We would like to thank SWC for awarding Neuroverse their Public Engagement Grant. We aim to keep encouraging versatility, criticality and creativity in discussions! ---

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In this week's episode, Carolina and Clara discuss the variety of model organisms that are used in scientific research and the unique advantages of each model. They also touch upon how ethics guides the use of animals in research, including the importance of the NC3Rs. And they explore some of the more unique animal studies that have informed research in unexpected ways, including understanding social learning by studying how bees dance, understanding ageing by studying social castes in ants, and more!

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Join us in today's episode where we discuss Challenges with collabroative neuroscience and how generative AI, language models are impacting the world with Jai Bhagat! Jai is from the US and got his Bachelor’s in Neuroscience from Boston University and then worked as a Technical Associate in Matt Wilson’s lab at MIT. Jai also worked with Matteo Carandini and Kenneth Harris as a Software Developer and is currently a PhD student at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre in Tiago Branco and Tom Mrsic-Flogel lab performing experiments involving continuous recordings of freely moving rodents during decision-making tasks in naturalistic environments. We discussed the International Brain Lab and the benefits of its collaborative structure, the importance of studying animals doing naturalistic behaviour and how generative AI, language models are impacting the world!

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In this week's episode, Carolina and Clara discuss intelligence without a nervous system, based on the enigmatic organism "the blob", also known as slime mould or by its latin name, Physarum polycephalum. This fungal-like organism is just a single cell but exhibits some extraordinary behaviours, namely pathfinding and route optimisation, that resembles high-level intelligence. We discuss scientific studies that have explored the behaviour of slime moulds, and the comparisons that can be made to animal/human intelligence.

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Join us as we discuss Reality! We cover topics such as ideology and how it affects our perception on reality, philosophy of language and mind with some neuroscientific insights such as predictive coding! Reality seems to be a topic that comes up several times throughout all our episodes and we attempted to make a unifying episode to discuss reality.

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In this week's episode we are joined by Dr Alice Petty, a neuroscientist researching the neurobiology of schizophrenia in rodent models. We discuss the challenges of uncovering the biological mechanisms that underlie complex psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, and the utility of animal models for this purpose. Schizophrenia is especially complex given the heterogeneity of symptoms that can include positive (e.g. hallucinations), negative (e.g. depression), and cognitive (e.g. impaired memory) traits. However, rodent models provide a way to model specific aspects of schizophrenia and simultaneously probe the underlying processes that occur during the development of the brain. Listen to learn more!

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Join us today in our discussion of Neuro-Inspired AI with Clémentine Dominé. Clémentine is a PhD student at the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit in the University College London, working with Professor Andrew Saxe and Professor Caswell Barry. We discuss the architecture of AI versus the brain, the dynamics of artificial neural networks, what "catastrophic forgetting" is, the exciting open-source Neural Playground and several other topics! ---

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What is awe and how does it shape us? In this week's episode, Carolina and Clara discuss the science behind awe, a powerful state of being that can benefit the mental health of individuals as well as whole socieites! Join us to find out more about how awe-inspiring experiences can positively impact your life. ---

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In today’s episode we are joined by Élodie Chabrol, who is a prominent science communicator. We discuss the importance of communicating science, how sci comm has changed over time and it’s political impact and influence.

Elodie did her PhD in Neurogenetics at Descartes, Paris followed by two postdocs at UCL (peripheral nerve system and epilepsy). Primarily Elodie is now a science communicator. She’s the co-founder of EU beyond research. She founded the french branch of Pint of Science!! Which we also talk about. She designed the communication strategy and coordinated the different events in France amongst many other science communication projects such as podcasting, voluntary work and consulting. ---

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In today's episode we discuss the many roles that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has in cognitive function. The ACC is associated with many higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, value of choice, inference of patterns and incomplete information. The ACC also plays a role in detecting changes in the environment and generating prediction errors between what is expected and what we experience. In this episode, we mainly discuss a recent study that investigated whether a prediction error could be detected based on neural activity in the ACC during behavioural switching between tasks.

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In this episode, we discuss the variety of methods used to measure brain activity, and the important trade-off between spatial (where) and temporal (when) information that you can gain from these methods. For example, whereas imaging techniques tend to provide higher spatial resolution, electrophysiology used to measure electrical activity tends to provide higher temporal resolution. What is the relative significance of understanding brain activity in space vs. time? We also explore novel techniques that are beginning to break this barrier to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution, and the information they can give us about the brain.

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Join us in today's episode where we interviewed Meredith Gibson the CEO of the charity AWIS (Association for Women in Science). As two young female scientists we are grateful and stand on the shoulders of the previous brave female scientists that paved the way for us to be able to explore our passions in science. In light of International Women's day in Science (11th February) and International Women's day (8th March) we wanted to celebrate women in science by hosting an episode focusing on the goals we still have to reach to achieve equality in research and reflect on how we can create a safe environment for women in science. Organizations like AWIS have done incredible work to create communities that support women going into science and returning to science through scholarships, training courses, networks and a strong support system. Meredith communicates the importance message of community and to keep striving to help each other, kindness towards others and what being a fair, supportive leader looks like. We discussed the documentary "Picture a Scientist", which is available on Netflix! and we urge you to watch it.

  Take today and Women's day to celebrate the women around you, to acknowledge the gap in equality and the things we can all do to bridge this gap. Thank you for listening 💜 Movie synopsis: "PICTURE A SCIENTIST chronicles the groundswell of researchers who are writing a new chapter for women scientists. Biologist Nancy Hopkins, chemist Raychelle Burks, and geologist Jane Willenbring lead viewers on a journey deep into their own experiences in the sciences, ranging from brutal harassment to years of subtle slights. Along the way, from cramped laboratories to spectacular field stations, we encounter scientific luminaries - including social scientists, neuroscientists, and psychologists - who provide new perspectives on how to make science itself more diverse, equitable, and open to all." ---

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In today's episode we are joined by a special guest, Anais Kruger-Ruiz, to discuss the gap in equality in research relating to women's health. Anais discusses the historical origins of this inequality, in terms of viewing women as purely reproductive agents, and how this outlook pervades to our current day. The equality gap in healthcare and research leads to many more women suffering from conditions such as Alzheimer's, autism, and auto-immune disorders which are disproportionately undiagnosed and under-researched. The current healthcare system is one that significantly dismisses women's chronic conditions and pain complaints (especially BAME women) and drives women to seek advice colloquially and utilize natural medicine, which may be beneficial but shouldn't be sought out as a result of a failing healthcare system that does not prioritise sex equality.

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In this episode, we are joined by special guest and neuroscientist, Dr. Dominic Burrows, to discuss brain-wide dynamics and the concept of criticality. How can the dynamic brain be viewed as a system, what properties characterise the system, and can this help us compare the brain to other biological and physical systems that exist in the world? Welcome to the field of systems neuroscience, of which a key question is how the brain maintains stability in the face of change. Criticality is a state that maintains a system near to a phase transition so that it is very responsive to any changes or inputs, but maintains stability between low and high activity states, and prevents any volatility. In this episode, we expore criticality in all sorts of systems, from bodies of water to magnets and sandpiles, and the brain! How can viewing the brain as such a dynamical system change our perception of how it functions? Listen to find out!

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What is colour? In today’s episode Carolina and Clara discuss the philosophy of colour. Whether it is eliminitivist or inherently subjective (as argued for by Descartes and Locke). They tackle Wittgenstein’s question on what the essence of colour is and explore his language games arguments. Join the discussion! Are we simply a vessel for the experience of colour to manifest upon? 

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Join us in this more informal episode where we reminisce about how Neuroverse started, our favourite episodes and noting underlying themes across episodes. Emergence vs reductionism was a prominent topic, as well as comparing different types of intelligence, how information is translated across scales and our appreciation for multidisciplinary approaches. We would like to thank all our wonderful special guests and everyone who listens. We appreciate you all so much and keep sharing the love for science! 

Stay tuned for even more exciting projects in 2023🎆

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We are back! In today’s episode Carolina and Clara are joined with Olivia Sirley who completed her bachelor’s at the University of the Arts London and wrote her thesis on “What role do dating apps play in finding intimate relationships within contemporary society”. Covering topics such as: dating app dependancy; the accessibility of dating apps; user behaviour; how it changes the nature of relationships; the mediated self; our obsession with finding the one and dopamine addiction loops!  ---

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In this episode, Carolina and Clara discuss whether or not memory equals consciousness. Are we, our personal identity and conscious experience, defined by the collection of memories we accumulate throughout life? Did consciousness evolve as part of a memory system, or did memory evolve to facilitate consciousness? We explore these questions and more!

 "Life is all memory, except for the present moment that goes by you so quick you hardly catch it going." - Tennessee Williams

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What is the computational unit in the brain? At what scale does the brain store, transform, and transfer information? Is it within genes, or neurons, neural circuits, cortical columns, or whole-brain dynamics? In this episode, Carolina and Clara discuss how computations are performed at multiple levels in the brain, and how different computational units contribute to brain function.

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In this weeks episode Carolina and Clara discuss spatial cognition - the focus of their masters project at Professor Matt Nolan’s lab in the University of Edinburgh. Focusing on navigation, memory and grid cells’ firing rate, Carolina and Clara discuss the crucial role the Medial Entorhinal Cortex has in providing spatial perception and episodic memory formation. 

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In this episode we are joined with another young neuroscientist, Subham Ganguly, to discuss methodological approaches to neursocience research from a philosophical perspective. How does the necessity to base research on biological hypotheses influence our findings? Are we limiting our potential for knowledge by categorising the brain into discrete brain regions? What is the value of coming up with theories that can be applied across the brain instead? How can we use biological mechanisms to define cognitive functions or behaviours? Or can we?

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Within each of us exists a gut microbiome- trillions of bacteria, virus, fungi, and other microorganisms living in our gut. Research is increasingly revealing a role for the gut microbiome in health and disease. Changes to the gut microbiome have been linked to several psychiatric, behavioural, and neurodegenerative brain disorders, from depression to autism to dementia. But how can these tiny microorganisms regulate what is happening in our brains? In this episode, Carolina and Clara explore what we know about the elusive yet emerging gut-microbiome-brain axis, and how this knowledge could contribute to developing therapies for brain disorders. 

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In today's episode Carolina and Clara are joined with special guest Dr Ginger Campbell, who hosts the award-winning Brain Science podcast. They discuss the importance of communicating neuroscience and how having an understanding of how the brain works helps both individuals and societies to have more compassion towards one another, based on Dr Ginger Campbell's book "The Unconscious Origins of Certainty". Biases and beliefs are often down to dopamine-based reward systems. Our education systems tend to be built upon a binary "right or wrong" way of thinking, which fuels our reward systems to look for the right answers. While this structure is essential to learning, what are the negative outcomes of such a way of thinking? "People are the most unpredictable thing you'll encounter in life", so what insights can neuroscience provide to help us understand human nature better?

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This week we are joined by special guest and young neuroscientist, Carlotta Barelli, to discuss neurogenesis! While it was traditionally believed that the brain is a "nonrenewable organ", research is continually demonstrating that the brain actually has an incredible ability to adapt and renew in response to environmental changes. One such mechanism is known as neurogenesis, the formation and growth of new neurons, which can occur throughout life. In this episode, we discuss whether or not adult neurogenesis occurs in humans, how neurogenesis is different across species, the functional importance of neurogenesis, and what we can do to boost neurogenesis in our own brains. 

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In today’s episode Carolina and Clara discuss free will vs determinism in a philosophical, physics and neuroscience context! Can the philosophical debate be reduced to the sciences? Does the existence of chance and randomness invalidate determinism? Does spontaneous brain activity support free will? 

“Further conceive, I beg, that a stone, while continuing in motion, should be capable of thinking and knowing, that it is endeavoring, as far as it can, to continue to move. Such a stone, being conscious merely of its own endeavor and not at all indifferent, would believe itself to be completely free, and would think that it continued in motion solely because of its own wish. This is that human freedom, which all boast that they possess, and which consists solely in the fact, that men are conscious of their own desire, but are ignorant of the causes whereby that desire has been determined.” Spinoza

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Dendrites are the tree like structures that extend out from neurons and have powerful roles in information processing. In this episode, Carolina and Clara discuss how dendrites can enable a form of predictive coding by integrating feedback and feedforward information. Is the brainwide predictive coding system comparable to the smaller-scale dendritic level?

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In today’s episode Carolina and Clara discuss subjectivity and emotional valence, inspired by Kay M. Tay’s review paper on emotional valence. Quantifying and measuring emotions is a feat attempted by scientists, but is it truly possible? Could we ever cross that epistemological barrier? Are emotions binary or on a spectrum? 

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In this episode, Carolina and Clara discuss science art with the incredible Science-Art duo: Adèle Tilouine and Tyler Kaufman. Together they are TakT! They are artists that use science and philosophy as inspiration to create immersive sensorial and artistic experiences. Adèle focusing on the visual arts and Tyler on the sound composition, together achieve transcendental works of art. In this episode they discuss the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, the importance of science communication and how art can communicate science. Are scientists artists? And are artists scientists? 

In this episode, Carolina and Clara discuss yet another type of science misinformation in part 3 of the "Science Misinformation" series. Pressure in the science community to produce research and publish interesting results is continuously increasing, and this can unfortunately drive bias and misconduct by scientists to inflate the truth or find what they are looking for. Inspired by a recent investigation into one scientist's research, we discuss why this happens and, importantly, what is being done to avoid it in the neuroscience community. 

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